A Flagpole for the Hobbit House

Posted 09 April 2026

Last month I decided it was time to put up a real flagpole to display the American flag in all its glory. Being an engineer, I had to research the heck out of the subject to make sure we got something we would be proud to have in our front yard. A neighbor has a flagpole and he had gotten a flag pole kit from Admiral Flags, right here in Columbus Ohio. I also asked Grok, and he (It?) came up with the same company, so we ordered a 20′ kit from them.

Reading through the instructions on Admiral’s website, I was amazed at the amount of concrete needed for the flagpole foundation. They called for 6-8 80lb bags of quick setting concrete (480 – 640lbs!) for an 18″ diameter by 29″ deep hole – yikes! Being a septuagenarian, I wasn’t very eager to manage 80lb bags, so I decided to start with 10ea 50lb bags (500lbs) and add more if needed. The Admiral website also strongly recommended calling Ohio811 ‘call before you dig’ utility mapping service, so I did that right away. As it turned out that was one of my better moves, as my first intended location was right on top of a utility run to the house. Dodged the bullet on that one!

My planned location in our front yard is at least 150′ away from any electrical outlet and the nearest water faucet, so I had some logistics issues to work through. I needed an additional 100′ water hose, and I decided to use my backup electric generator for electric power. Here’s a short video showing the distances.

From watching some videos regarding quick setting concrete I decided to go with the 5-gallon bucket and electric drill mixing paddle route, so I loaded my brand-new Toyota Tundra pickup with 500lbs of QuickCrete, 2ea Lowes 5-gallon buckets, a cheap 100′ water hose and the mixing paddle.

I had conned a neighbor into helping, so we started digging mid-morning, and had a hole pretty much done in a couple of hours. I was amazed that the first 6-10″ was pretty rocky, but after that it was pretty easy going. Here are some photos of the hole:

Finished hole before pouring any concrete

Hole about 3/4 full, using 50lb QuickCrete bags and some rods to keep flagpole sleeve vertical

We had to stop at this point because my 20-year-old 1/2″ drill started smoking badly. I couldn’t really complain as I had gotten a LOT of use out of it, but it was apparently time for a new one. The next day I came back with a new 1/2″ hammer-drill and finished the foundation work. I poured concrete up to grade level so we could mow around it without having to come back and weed-whack the base.

The next step (literally) was to install the flag pole itself. My stepson was visiting from St. Louis, so helped me assemble the pole kit and set it into the sleeve.

And here is a short video of the completed flag pole with the U.S. flag proudly flying. Sure wish I had done this 20 years ago, but better late than never!

Proud to be an American!

Frank

Wall-E2’s many words for ‘obstacle’

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In a manner analogous to the many words for ‘ice’ and ‘snow’ in the Inuit language, Wall-E2 has many words for ‘obstacle’, as follows:

Wall-E2 gets too close to an obstacle in front
Wall-E2 gets too close to the currently-tracked wall during tracking operations
Wall-E2 senses an upcoming wall while tracking the current wall
Wall-E2 hits something that causes it to get stuck and stop moving forward but the obstacle doesn’t register on the forward sensor
Wall-E2 gets too close to an obstacle to the rear

Wall-E2 gets too close to an obstacle in front

If Wall-E2 isn’t currently tracking a wall and senses an upcoming obstacle, it stops, backs up, and turns away from the nearest wall. If there is no ‘nearest wall’ it simply turns one way or the other and hopes for the best ;-).

Wall-E2 gets too close to the currently-tracked wall during tracking operations

This item in the above list was an unintended consequence of Wall-E2’s new parallel offset tracking ability. After finding the parallel orientation at a distance greater than the desired offset, Wall-E2 makes a cut toward the wall to capture the offset. Unfortunately this also means the forward LIDAR measures the slant distance to the near wall, NOT the distance to any upcoming walls. In some cases this leads Wall-E2 to believe it is running into an obstacle, and instead of continuing the offset capture maneuver, it instead executes an obstacle avoidance maneuver. The fix for this problem is to recognize that when Wall-E2 is deliberately angling toward the wall, and reduce the ‘obstacle avoidance distance’ OAD accordingly. So, for a desired wall offset distance D_off and for a maximum approach angle corresponding to a steering value of -S_max (negative steering values are ‘toward the wall’), the ‘effective obstacle avoidance distance’ OAD_eff should be less by some factor, (arbitrarily selected here to be 2). This gives OAD_eff = D_off/2 for a steering value of -S_max, linearly increasing to D_off when S = 0. This is a straight line with slope 1/(2*S_max) and y-intercept of D_off for all S values <= 0. For S > 0, OAD_eff = D_off. Here’s a graph of the equation for S_tgt between 0 & -0.3

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is 201112-Calc-OAD-vs-SteerValTgt.jpg

Wall-E2 senses an upcoming wall while tracking the current wall

When tracking a wall, which by definition means in MODE_WALLTRACKING with a target steering value between -S and +S, Wall-E2’s desired response to an upcoming wall is to stop and make a 90º ‘spin turn’ away from the currently-being-tracked wall at the desired wall tracking offset value, on the theory that this will place Wall-E2 in the right place to start tracking the next wall.

Wall-E2 hits something that causes it to get stuck and stop moving forward but the obstacle doesn’t register on the forward sensor

This is the classic ‘I’m stuck!’ situation detected by monitoring the mathematical variance of front distance measurements over time, as described in this post. The recovery technique used up to now has been to back up for 1-2 seconds, and then turn 90º However, recovery from this condition can be problematic, as the robot will sometimes run backwards into another obstacle and execute the reverse ‘tractor scare maneuver’ of ‘Cars’ fame. With the addition of a 7th VL53L0X time-of-flight sensor, Wall-E2 can now detect a rear obstacle before it tries to climb it, leading to a better experience for the robot and it’s owner (that would be me). Now the ‘ExecuteStuckRecoveryManeuver()’ function first assesses whether or not there is enough room behind to successfully back up. If there is, it does the following:

Backs up a predetermined distance using the most suitable (forward or rear) distance sensor
Makes a 90º turn away from nearest wall
Moves forward a predetermined distance using either the forward or rear distance sensor
Makes another 90º turn to parallel the nearest wall again

The idea here is that if Wall-E2 is stuck on a shoe or a chair leg, it might be able to go around it and continue wall tracking. If not, it can repeat this procedure until it eventually works its way around the obstacle.

Wall-E2 gets too close to an obstacle to the rear

This condition rarely/never occurs in isolation; it happens during one of the other obstacle avoidance maneuvers, and only then when Wall-E2 fails to check it’s rear clearance before starting to back up.

Cheap Yellow Display – based Solfeggio Tone Generator

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Posted 21 January 2026

My wife recently asked me if I could build a ‘Solfeggio’ tone generator that she could listen to as a sleep aid. A quick net search yielded the following:

Solfeggio frequencies are a set of specific tones believed to promote healing, relaxation, and balance. The primary nine frequencies range from 174 Hz to 963 Hz, each associated with different benefits, such as emotional healing, stress reduction, and chakra alignment.

963 Hz: Connection to the divine and awakening.
These frequencies can be used in sound therapy and meditation practices to enhance well-being.

174 Hz: Pain relief and grounding.

285 Hz: Healing tissue and organs.

396 Hz: Liberating guilt and fear.

417 Hz: Facilitating change and undoing situations.

528 Hz: Transformation and DNA repair.

639 Hz: Enhancing communication and relationships.

741 Hz: Awakening intuition and problem-solving.

852 Hz: Returning to spiritual order.

As a result of a previous project to create a GPS-enabled DashCam Power Switch, I thought this would be a perfect ‘Cheap Yellow Display project. The Cheap Yellow Display (CYD) is a ESP32-2432S028R development board integrated with a 240×320 pixel color touch-sensitive display. In the case of my DashCam project, this meant that I only needed a GPS module, a low-Rds MOSFET, and a bit of circuitry to make it all work – neat. For this tone generation project, it looked like I might be able to do the whole thing with just a CWD and a pair of BT earbuds, as the ESP32-2432S028R dev board incorporates BT capability. The wife already had a pair of BT earbuds, and I had acquired two more CYD modules after it worked so well for my DashCam, so I was all set.

As I did with the DashCam project, I started consulting with Grok right away. If you haven’t yet taken advantage of this – you should – Not only can Grok code in any language, it is also mind-bogglingly fast for internet searches on particular topics. So I started out with this conversation:

Me: I want to build a rechargeable battery-operated tone generator using the ESP32/CYD configuration. I would like the battery to be the same (or smaller) width/length as the CYD. The input to the charging circuit would be +5V from the Type-C connector on the CYD. What battery and charging circuit would you suggest?

Grok: For a rechargeable battery-operated tone generator using the ESP32-based Cheap Yellow Display (CYD), which measures approximately 50mm x 86mm, you’ll want a compact 3.7V LiPo battery that fits within those dimensions for easy integration (e.g., mounted behind the board). The tone generator can use the ESP32’s built-in DAC (8-bit resolution) or PWM for audio output, connected to a small speaker or amp. Power management involves charging the battery via the CYD’s USB-C (which supplies 5V) and boosting the battery voltage to 5V for the board when unplugged, as the CYD expects 5V input on its power pins.Suggested BatteryA 3.7V 1000mAh LiPo battery with JST connector, such as a 603450 cell or equivalent.

Why this? It provides 3-5 hours of runtime for a low-power tone generator (ESP32 + display draws ~200-300mA at 5V under load; enable deep sleep modes to extend life). It’s widely available, rechargeable, and includes built-in protection (PCM) against overcharge/discharge. Smaller options like 300-500mAh (e.g., 402030 at 40mm x 20mm x 3mm) work if runtime isn’t critical, but 1000mAh balances size and capacity for ESP32 projects. ezsbc.shop +3 Avoid larger capacities (e.g., 3000mAh) if they exceed ~65mm x 35mm, as they may not fit neatly.

Dimensions: Approximately 60mm x 34mm x 5mm (fits well within 86mm x 50mm, leaving room for wiring).

Suggested Charging Circuit: Use a TP4056-based module with integrated battery protection (BMS).

Why this? It’s a simple, inexpensive ($1-2) 1A charger for single-cell LiPo batteries, accepting 5V input directly from the CYD’s USB-C (via wires to the module’s IN+ / IN- pads). It handles charging to 4.2V safely and includes overcharge/over-discharge protection. When USB-C is plugged in, it charges the battery; when unplugged, the module’s OUT+ / OUT- pads provide battery voltage (3.7V)
Additional component needed: Pair it with a small boost converter like the MT3608 (adjustable to 5V output) connected to the TP4056’s OUT pads. This boosts the 3.7V battery voltage to 5V for the CYD’s 5V pin (avoid direct 3.7V connection, as the board’s regulator expects 5V for stable operation). github.com +2 Add a switch on the boost output for power control.

There was some back-and-forth to nail down the actual modules I would need, but pretty soon I had the battery (li-ion 603450), charger (TP4056) and DC-DC converter (MT3608) on order from Amazon. The reason I went with separate charger and up-converter modules instead of the IP5306 all-in-one is due the IP5306 requiring a minimum load current to remain active, and this would conflict with my plan to put the ESP32 to sleep during idle times to extend battery life.

After getting the hardware issues resolved, the next step was the ESP32 software. I had Grok develop the software using Arduino code, with the following specs:

Me: Referencing our discussion of my ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator Project, I would like to see your take on Arduino code for the ESP32, with the following specs:

Non-K&R bracket convention (beginning bracket on new line)
Nine (9) touch-sensitive radio buttons for the ‘Solfeggio frequencies’ (https://www.bing.com/search?q=complete+list+of+solfeggio+frequencies&FORM=R5FD1).
A volume slider (horizontal at the bottom or vertical on the side)
Tone output directed to Bluetooth transmitter
Sleep mode after 10 minutes from coming out of sleep mode
Battery charge indicator based on A/D measurements of the LiPo battery voltage
Whatever other obvious requirement that I have failed to mention

Within a few seconds, Grok produced the following code:

// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies
// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, arduino-audio-tools for audio generation and Bluetooth A2DP source
// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials
// Bluetooth output to paired device (e.g., hearing aids or speaker)
// Battery voltage on GPIO35 with 2:1 divider (adjust calibration as needed)
// Deep sleep after 10 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO27 low)

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>
#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>
#include <AudioTools.h>
#include <BluetoothA2DPSource.h>

// Display and Touch
TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();
#define XPT2046_IRQ 27
#define XPT2046_MOSI 23
#define XPT2046_MISO 19
#define XPT2046_SCK 18
#define XPT2046_CS 22
SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI);
XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(XPT2046_CS, XPT2046_IRQ);

// Audio
BluetoothA2DPSource a2dp_source;
SineWaveGenerator<int16_t> sineWave;
GeneratedSoundStream<int16_t> soundStream(2, 44100);  // Stereo, 44.1kHz
AudioInfo audioInfo(44100, 2, 16);

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)
const float frequencies[9] = {174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963};
int selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)
const int screenWidth = 240;
const int screenHeight = 320;
const int buttonSize = 70;
const int buttonSpacing = 10;
const int sliderHeight = 30;
const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;
const int sliderX = 10;
const int sliderY = screenHeight - sliderHeight - 10;

// Volume (0-127)
int volume = 64;

// Battery
const int batteryPin = 35;
const float minVoltage = 3.0;  // LiPo low
const float maxVoltage = 4.2;  // LiPo full
const float dividerRatio = 2.0;  // 2:1 divider

// Sleep
unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;
const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 10UL * 60 * 1000;  // 10 minutes

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(115200);

  // Display
  tft.init();
  tft.setRotation(0);  // Portrait
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextSize(2);

  // Touch
  touchscreenSPI.begin(XPT2046_SCK, XPT2046_MISO, XPT2046_MOSI, XPT2046_CS);
  ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);
  ts.setRotation(0);

  // Bluetooth
  a2dp_source.start("CYD Tone Generator");  // Device name
  soundStream.begin(audioInfo);
  sineWave.begin(audioInfo, 0);  // Initial freq 0 (silent)

  // Audio pipeline
  a2dp_source.set_stream_reader(&soundStream);

  // Battery pin
  pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

  // Wake setup (for after deep sleep)
  esp_sleep_enable_gpio_wakeup();
  gpio_wakeup_enable((gpio_num_t)XPT2046_IRQ, GPIO_INTR_LOW_LEVEL);

  // Initial draw
  drawUI();
  updateBatteryIndicator();

  lastActivityTime = millis();
}

void loop()
{
  checkTouch();
  checkSleep();

  // Generate audio if frequency selected
  if (selectedFreqIndex != -1)
  {
    sineWave.setFrequency(frequencies[selectedFreqIndex]);
    sineWave.setAmplitude(volume / 127.0f);  // 0-1 range
    soundStream.add(sineWave);
  }
  else
  {
    sineWave.setFrequency(0);  // Silent
  }

  delay(10);  // Light loop
}

void drawUI()
{
  // Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }

  // Volume slider
  tft.drawRect(sliderX, sliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);
  updateSlider();
  
  // Battery indicator (top right)
  tft.setCursor(screenWidth - 50, 10);
  tft.print("Bat:");
}

void updateSlider()
{
  int fillWidth = map(volume, 0, 127, 0, sliderWidth);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, sliderY + 1, fillWidth - 1, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + fillWidth, sliderY + 1, sliderWidth - fillWidth - 1, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);
}

void updateBatteryIndicator()
{
  float adcValue = analogRead(batteryPin) / 4095.0 * 3.3 * dividerRatio;  // Calibrate as needed
  int percent = map(adcValue * 100, minVoltage * 100, maxVoltage * 100, 0, 100);
  percent = constrain(percent, 0, 100);
  
  tft.setCursor(screenWidth - 30, 10);
  tft.printf("%3d%%", percent);
}

void checkTouch()
{
  if (ts.tirqTouched() && ts.touched())
  {
    TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();
    // Calibrate touch (adjust based on your CYD, typical range)
    int x = map(p.x, 200, 3700, 0, screenWidth);
    int y = map(p.y, 200, 3700, 0, screenHeight);
    
    lastActivityTime = millis();

    // Check buttons
    int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)
    {
      int index = row * 3 + col;
      if (index != selectedFreqIndex)
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = index;
        // Redraw buttons to highlight selected (simple: text bold or color)
        redrawButtons();
      }
      else
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // Toggle off
        redrawButtons();
      }
    }

    // Check slider
    if (y >= sliderY && y <= sliderY + sliderHeight && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)
    {
      volume = map(x - sliderX, 0, sliderWidth, 0, 127);
      volume = constrain(volume, 0, 127);
      updateSlider();
    }
  }
}

void redrawButtons()
{
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }
}

void checkSleep()
{
  if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)
  {
    // Prepare for sleep
    tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);  // Optional
    esp_deep_sleep_start();
  }
}

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// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies

// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, arduino-audio-tools for audio generation and Bluetooth A2DP source

// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials

// Bluetooth output to paired device (e.g., hearing aids or speaker)

// Battery voltage on GPIO35 with 2:1 divider (adjust calibration as needed)

// Deep sleep after 10 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO27 low)

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>

#include <AudioTools.h>

#include <BluetoothA2DPSource.h>

// Display and Touch

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();

#define XPT2046_IRQ 27

#define XPT2046_MOSI 23

#define XPT2046_MISO 19

#define XPT2046_SCK 18

#define XPT2046_CS 22

SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI);

XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(XPT2046_CS, XPT2046_IRQ);

// Audio

BluetoothA2DPSource a2dp_source;

SineWaveGenerator<int16_t> sineWave;

GeneratedSoundStream<int16_t> soundStream(2, 44100); // Stereo, 44.1kHz

AudioInfo audioInfo(44100, 2, 16);

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)

const float frequencies[9] = {174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963};

int selectedFreqIndex = -1; // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)

const int screenWidth = 240;

const int screenHeight = 320;

const int buttonSize = 70;

const int buttonSpacing = 10;

const int sliderHeight = 30;

const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;

const int sliderX = 10;

const int sliderY = screenHeight - sliderHeight - 10;

// Volume (0-127)

int volume = 64;

// Battery

const int batteryPin = 35;

const float minVoltage = 3.0; // LiPo low

const float maxVoltage = 4.2; // LiPo full

const float dividerRatio = 2.0; // 2:1 divider

// Sleep

unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;

const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 10UL * 60 * 1000; // 10 minutes

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200);

// Display

tft.init();

tft.setRotation(0); // Portrait

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextSize(2);

// Touch

touchscreenSPI.begin(XPT2046_SCK, XPT2046_MISO, XPT2046_MOSI, XPT2046_CS);

ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);

ts.setRotation(0);

// Bluetooth

a2dp_source.start("CYD Tone Generator"); // Device name

soundStream.begin(audioInfo);

sineWave.begin(audioInfo, 0); // Initial freq 0 (silent)

// Audio pipeline

a2dp_source.set_stream_reader(&soundStream);

// Battery pin

pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

// Wake setup (for after deep sleep)

esp_sleep_enable_gpio_wakeup();

gpio_wakeup_enable((gpio_num_t)XPT2046_IRQ, GPIO_INTR_LOW_LEVEL);

// Initial draw

drawUI();

updateBatteryIndicator();

lastActivityTime = millis();

}

void loop()

{

checkTouch();

checkSleep();

// Generate audio if frequency selected

if (selectedFreqIndex != -1)

{

sineWave.setFrequency(frequencies[selectedFreqIndex]);

sineWave.setAmplitude(volume / 127.0f); // 0-1 range

soundStream.add(sineWave);

}

else

{

sineWave.setFrequency(0); // Silent

}

delay(10); // Light loop

}

void drawUI()

{

// Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

// Volume slider

tft.drawRect(sliderX, sliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);

updateSlider();

// Battery indicator (top right)

tft.setCursor(screenWidth - 50, 10);

tft.print("Bat:");

}

void updateSlider()

{

int fillWidth = map(volume, 0, 127, 0, sliderWidth);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, sliderY + 1, fillWidth - 1, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + fillWidth, sliderY + 1, sliderWidth - fillWidth - 1, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

}

void updateBatteryIndicator()

{

float adcValue = analogRead(batteryPin) / 4095.0 * 3.3 * dividerRatio; // Calibrate as needed

int percent = map(adcValue * 100, minVoltage * 100, maxVoltage * 100, 0, 100);

percent = constrain(percent, 0, 100);

tft.setCursor(screenWidth - 30, 10);

tft.printf("%3d%%", percent);

}

void checkTouch()

{

if (ts.tirqTouched() && ts.touched())

{

TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();

// Calibrate touch (adjust based on your CYD, typical range)

int x = map(p.x, 200, 3700, 0, screenWidth);

int y = map(p.y, 200, 3700, 0, screenHeight);

lastActivityTime = millis();

// Check buttons

int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)

{

int index = row * 3 + col;

if (index != selectedFreqIndex)

{

selectedFreqIndex = index;

// Redraw buttons to highlight selected (simple: text bold or color)

redrawButtons();

}

else

{

selectedFreqIndex = -1; // Toggle off

redrawButtons();

}

// Check slider

if (y >= sliderY && y <= sliderY + sliderHeight && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)

{

volume = map(x - sliderX, 0, sliderWidth, 0, 127);

volume = constrain(volume, 0, 127);

updateSlider();

}

void redrawButtons()

{

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

void checkSleep()

{

if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)

{

// Prepare for sleep

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK); // Optional

esp_deep_sleep_start();

}

Not only did Grok produce initial code, but it helped me work through some subtle issues with the ‘AudioTools’ library as I had not used this library before. Grok would offer code, then I would run (or try to run) and report back on any errors encountered. Pretty soon I had code that compiled cleanly and ran, and then it was a case of exercising the code and reporting any debug output back to Grok. This went around for a while, but we eventually got to working code. I learned that while Grok is very fast, he’s not always all that accurate. For anything other than the most trivial programming task, the human at the other end of the conversation must have relevant experience. At one point in the debugging process, Grok was recommending some hardware changes on the CYD board, but I knew from prior experience with the DashCam project that no such mods were required for detecting user touches on the touch-screen. So I was able to provide Grok with a small working program to do this and Grok was happy to incorporate the new information into the complete program. This, however, brought up another ‘gotcha’. Grok takes input from the human, thinks for a few seconds, and then disgorges another complete program – without any accompanying explanation. So, I said “what was the problem with the previous code?” and got a pretty comprehensive answer- yay.

Grok really doesn’t do a very good job of troubleshooting or code debug at all – that’s where the human’s engineering experience comes in. At one point I tried to describe the ‘cut the world in two’ troubleshooting technique I have been using for decades, but I’m not sure if Grok has any ability to remember things like that, or any ability to apply them, so I suspect that was a waste of time. Grok will continue to produce code without explanation if you let it – kind of a ‘random walk’ shotgun approach AFAICT. At the end of this hours-long session, I got kind of frustrated with this behavior and terminated the session. I put up a DM to @xAI, but never got a response.

Eventually, over a 2-3 day period we got a working program that would connect via BT to my wife’s earbuds and play the tone (with some ‘reverb’ added, even!) selected by tapping a button on the CYD screen.

// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies
// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, I2S for audio output to PCM5102
// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials
// Wired output to PCM5102 DAC (pins: BCK=22, WS=27, DATA=26)
// Deep sleep after 20 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO36); state persisted in NVS

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>
#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <math.h>  // For sin and PI
#include <Preferences.h>  // For NVS storage

// Touch pin definitions (VSPI with custom pins)
#define TOUCH_CS 33
#define TOUCH_IRQ 36
#define TOUCH_PRESSURE_THRESHOLD 100  // Minimum z (pressure) to consider a valid touch (filter noise)
#define TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH 150  // Higher threshold for initial press detection
#define TOUCH_PRESS_LOW 50    // Lower threshold for release detection (hysteresis)
#define TOUCH_CLK 25
#define TOUCH_MISO 39
#define TOUCH_MOSI 32

// Touch calibration constants
const int TS_MINX = 3831, TS_MINY = 308, TS_MAXX = 294, TS_MAXY = 3798;

// Display and Touch
TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();
SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI);  // Use VSPI bus
XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(TOUCH_CS, TOUCH_IRQ);

// I2S pin configuration
#define I2S_BCK_PIN 22   // Bit clock
#define I2S_WS_PIN 27    // Word select (LRCK)
#define I2S_DATA_PIN 26  // Data out (DIN)

// Audio parameters
#define SAMPLE_RATE 44100
#define BITS_PER_SAMPLE 16
#define CHANNELS 2  // Stereo
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024  // Increased for smoother playback (adjust if needed)

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)
const float frequencies[9] = { 174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963 };
int selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)
const int screenWidth = 240;
const int screenHeight = 320;
const int buttonSize = 70;
const int buttonSpacing = 10;
const int sliderHeight = 30;  // Increased for finger usability
const int sliderSpacing = 5;
const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;
const int sliderX = 10;
const int leftVolSliderY = 245;  // Start after buttons (end ~240)
const int rightVolSliderY = leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + sliderSpacing;

// Audio controls
float leftVol = 0.5f;  // Left ear volume (0-1)
float rightVol = 0.5f;  // Right ear volume (0-1)

// Battery indicator
const int batteryPin = 35;
const float minVoltage = 3.0;  // LiPo low
const float maxVoltage = 4.2;  // LiPo full
const float dividerRatio = 2.0;  // 2:1 divider
int batRectWidth = 30;
int batRectHeight = 5;

// Deep sleep (after inactivity)
unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;
const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 20UL * 60 * 1000;  // 20 minutes

// RTC data for surviving deep sleep
RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

// Global buffer for samples
int16_t audioBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE * CHANNELS];

// NVS for state persistence
Preferences prefs;

// Touch state for hysteresis
bool isPressed = false;

// Function to generate audio data (sine wave with separate L/R volumes)
void generateAudioBuffer(float frequency)
{
  static float phase = 0.0;
  const float phaseIncrement = 2.0 * M_PI * frequency / SAMPLE_RATE;

  for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_SIZE; i++)
  {
    int16_t sample = (int16_t)(sin(phase) * 32767.0);  // Raw sine wave full amplitude

    // Apply separate volumes to L/R
    audioBuffer[2 * i] = (int16_t)(sample * leftVol);      // Left channel
    audioBuffer[2 * i + 1] = (int16_t)(sample * rightVol);  // Right channel

    phase += phaseIncrement;
    if (phase >= 2.0 * M_PI) phase -= 2.0 * M_PI;
  }
}

// Method to print the reason by which ESP32 has been awaken from sleep
void print_wakeup_reason()
{
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

  switch (wakeup_reason)
  {
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
  default: Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n", wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  touchscreenSPI.begin(TOUCH_CLK, TOUCH_MISO, TOUCH_MOSI, TOUCH_CS);
  ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);
  ts.setRotation(1);

  tft.init();
  tft.invertDisplay(1);
  tft.setRotation(2);
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextSize(2);

  pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

  // Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

  // Print the wakeup reason for ESP32
  print_wakeup_reason();

  // Load state from NVS
  prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);
  selectedFreqIndex = prefs.getInt("freqIndex", -1);
  leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.5f);
  rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.5f);
  prefs.end();

  // Configure I2S
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),
    .sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = (i2s_bits_per_sample_t)BITS_PER_SAMPLE,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = 0,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = BUFFER_SIZE,
    .use_apll = true,  // Better clock accuracy for audio
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = true,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_BCK_PIN,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS_PIN,
    .data_out_num = I2S_DATA_PIN,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
  };

  // Install and start I2S driver
  if (i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL) != ESP_OK)
  {
    Serial.println("I2S driver install failed");
    while (1);
  }
  if (i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config) != ESP_OK)
  {
    Serial.println("I2S pin set failed");
    while (1);
  }

  Serial.println("I2S initialized.");

  // Configure external wake up on GPIO36 (TOUCH_IRQ, wakes on low level when touched)
  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup((gpio_num_t)TOUCH_IRQ, 0);  // 0 for low level
  Serial.println("[DEBUG] Wake setup done");

  drawUI();
  Serial.printf("In setup(): Just before call to updateBatteryIndicator()\n");

  updateBatteryIndicator();
  lastActivityTime = millis();
}

void loop()
{
  // Prioritize audio
  float currentFreq = (selectedFreqIndex >= 0) ? frequencies[selectedFreqIndex] : 0.0f;
  generateAudioBuffer(currentFreq);

  // Write buffer to I2S
  size_t bytesWritten;
  i2s_write(I2S_NUM_0, audioBuffer, sizeof(audioBuffer), &bytesWritten, portMAX_DELAY);

  if (bytesWritten != sizeof(audioBuffer))
  {
    Serial.println("I2S write incomplete");
  }

  checkTouch();  // Check touch after audio to minimize interruption

  updateBatteryIndicator();

  if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)
  {
    // Save state to NVS before sleep
    prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);
    prefs.putInt("freqIndex", selectedFreqIndex);
    prefs.putFloat("leftVol", leftVol);
    prefs.putFloat("rightVol", rightVol);
    prefs.end();

    tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);  // Optional clear before sleep
    Serial.println("Going to deep sleep now");
    esp_deep_sleep_start();  // Deep sleep; resets on wake
  }
}

// drawUI function
void drawUI()
{
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);  // Clear screen

  // Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }

  // Left Volume slider (cyan) with label
  tft.setTextSize(1);
  tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, leftVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);
  tft.print("L Vol");
  tft.setTextSize(2);
  tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);
  int leftFillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + leftFillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

  // Right Volume slider (green) with label
  tft.setTextSize(1);
  tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, rightVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);
  tft.print("R Vol");
  tft.setTextSize(2);
  tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);
  int rightFillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + rightFillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

  tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

  redrawButtons();  // Apply selected state
}

void updateBatteryIndicator()
{
  Serial.printf("In updateBatteryIndicator()\n");
  int adcCount = analogRead(batteryPin);
  float adcValue = adcCount / 4095.0 * 3.3 * dividerRatio;  // Calibrate as needed
  int percent = map(adcValue * 100, minVoltage * 100, maxVoltage * 100, 0, 100);
  percent = constrain(percent, 0, 100);
  int fillWidth = percent * batRectWidth / 100;
  int start_y = 10;

  //tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear previous
  tft.fillRect(0, start_y, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear previous

  if (percent <= 20)
  {
    tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_RED);
  }
  else if (percent > 20 && percent <= 50)
  {
    tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_ORANGE);
  }
  else if (percent > 50)
  {
    tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_GREEN);
  }

  tft.drawRect(0, start_y, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);
}

// checkTouch function with hysteresis and state management
void checkTouch()
{
  TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();

  if (!isPressed)
  {
    if (p.z > TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH)
    {
      isPressed = true;
      processTouch(p, true);  // Initial press = true
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (p.z < TOUCH_PRESS_LOW)
    {
      isPressed = false;
      // Process touch end if needed (not for this app)
    }
    else
    {
      processTouch(p, false);  // Drag, initial press = false
    }
  }
  delay(20);  // Reduced debounce for responsiveness
}

// Helper to process touch (called on press start or drag)
void processTouch(TS_Point p, bool initialPress)
{
  int x = map(p.y, TS_MINY, TS_MAXY, 0, screenWidth);  // Inverted X
  int y = map(p.x, TS_MINX, TS_MAXX, 0, screenHeight);  // Inverted Y
  Serial.printf("Mapped X: %d, Y: %d, Z: %d\n", x, y, p.z);

  // Check buttons first (only on initial press)
  if (initialPress)
  {
    int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)
    {
      int index = row * 3 + col;
      Serial.printf("Button pressed: %d\n", index);  // Debug
      if (index != selectedFreqIndex)
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = index;
      }
      else
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // Toggle off
      }
      redrawButtons();
      return;  // Exit to avoid checking sliders
    }
  }

  // Check left volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)
  if (y >= leftVolSliderY - 5 && y <= leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)
  {
    leftVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;
    leftVol = constrain(leftVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    Serial.printf("Left Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", leftVol);  // Debug
    int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);  // Redraw border
  }

  // Check right volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)
  if (y >= rightVolSliderY - 5 && y <= rightVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)
  {
    rightVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;
    rightVol = constrain(rightVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    Serial.printf("Right Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", rightVol);  // Debug
    int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);  // Redraw border
  }

  lastActivityTime = millis();  // Reset inactivity timer on touch
}

// redrawButtons function
void redrawButtons()
{
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);  // Ensure border
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }
}

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// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies

// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, I2S for audio output to PCM5102

// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials

// Wired output to PCM5102 DAC (pins: BCK=22, WS=27, DATA=26)

// Deep sleep after 20 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO36); state persisted in NVS

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>

#include <driver/i2s.h>

#include <math.h> // For sin and PI

#include <Preferences.h> // For NVS storage

// Touch pin definitions (VSPI with custom pins)

#define TOUCH_CS 33

#define TOUCH_IRQ 36

#define TOUCH_PRESSURE_THRESHOLD 100 // Minimum z (pressure) to consider a valid touch (filter noise)

#define TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH 150 // Higher threshold for initial press detection

#define TOUCH_PRESS_LOW 50 // Lower threshold for release detection (hysteresis)

#define TOUCH_CLK 25

#define TOUCH_MISO 39

#define TOUCH_MOSI 32

// Touch calibration constants

const int TS_MINX = 3831, TS_MINY = 308, TS_MAXX = 294, TS_MAXY = 3798;

// Display and Touch

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();

SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI); // Use VSPI bus

XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(TOUCH_CS, TOUCH_IRQ);

// I2S pin configuration

#define I2S_BCK_PIN 22 // Bit clock

#define I2S_WS_PIN 27 // Word select (LRCK)

#define I2S_DATA_PIN 26 // Data out (DIN)

// Audio parameters

#define SAMPLE_RATE 44100

#define BITS_PER_SAMPLE 16

#define CHANNELS 2 // Stereo

#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 // Increased for smoother playback (adjust if needed)

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)

const float frequencies[9] = { 174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963 };

int selectedFreqIndex = -1; // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)

const int screenWidth = 240;

const int screenHeight = 320;

const int buttonSize = 70;

const int buttonSpacing = 10;

const int sliderHeight = 30; // Increased for finger usability

const int sliderSpacing = 5;

const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;

const int sliderX = 10;

const int leftVolSliderY = 245; // Start after buttons (end ~240)

const int rightVolSliderY = leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + sliderSpacing;

// Audio controls

float leftVol = 0.5f; // Left ear volume (0-1)

float rightVol = 0.5f; // Right ear volume (0-1)

// Battery indicator

const int batteryPin = 35;

const float minVoltage = 3.0; // LiPo low

const float maxVoltage = 4.2; // LiPo full

const float dividerRatio = 2.0; // 2:1 divider

int batRectWidth = 30;

int batRectHeight = 5;

// Deep sleep (after inactivity)

unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;

const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 20UL * 60 * 1000; // 20 minutes

// RTC data for surviving deep sleep

RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

// Global buffer for samples

int16_t audioBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE * CHANNELS];

// NVS for state persistence

Preferences prefs;

// Touch state for hysteresis

bool isPressed = false;

// Function to generate audio data (sine wave with separate L/R volumes)

void generateAudioBuffer(float frequency)

{

static float phase = 0.0;

const float phaseIncrement = 2.0 * M_PI * frequency / SAMPLE_RATE;

for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_SIZE; i++)

{

int16_t sample = (int16_t)(sin(phase) * 32767.0); // Raw sine wave full amplitude

// Apply separate volumes to L/R

audioBuffer[2 * i] = (int16_t)(sample * leftVol); // Left channel

audioBuffer[2 * i + 1] = (int16_t)(sample * rightVol); // Right channel

phase += phaseIncrement;

if (phase >= 2.0 * M_PI) phase -= 2.0 * M_PI;

}

// Method to print the reason by which ESP32 has been awaken from sleep

void print_wakeup_reason()

{

esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

switch (wakeup_reason)

{

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;

default: Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n", wakeup_reason); break;

}

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200);

touchscreenSPI.begin(TOUCH_CLK, TOUCH_MISO, TOUCH_MOSI, TOUCH_CS);

ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);

ts.setRotation(1);

tft.init();

tft.invertDisplay(1);

tft.setRotation(2);

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextSize(2);

pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

// Increment boot number and print it every reboot

++bootCount;

Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

// Print the wakeup reason for ESP32

print_wakeup_reason();

// Load state from NVS

prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);

selectedFreqIndex = prefs.getInt("freqIndex", -1);

leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.5f);

rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.5f);

prefs.end();

// Configure I2S

i2s_config_t i2s_config = {

.mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),

.sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE,

.bits_per_sample = (i2s_bits_per_sample_t)BITS_PER_SAMPLE,

.channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,

.communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,

.intr_alloc_flags = 0,

.dma_buf_count = 8,

.dma_buf_len = BUFFER_SIZE,

.use_apll = true, // Better clock accuracy for audio

.tx_desc_auto_clear = true,

.fixed_mclk = 0

};

i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {

.bck_io_num = I2S_BCK_PIN,

.ws_io_num = I2S_WS_PIN,

.data_out_num = I2S_DATA_PIN,

.data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE

};

// Install and start I2S driver

if (i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL) != ESP_OK)

{

Serial.println("I2S driver install failed");

while (1);

}

if (i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config) != ESP_OK)

{

Serial.println("I2S pin set failed");

while (1);

}

Serial.println("I2S initialized.");

// Configure external wake up on GPIO36 (TOUCH_IRQ, wakes on low level when touched)

esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup((gpio_num_t)TOUCH_IRQ, 0); // 0 for low level

Serial.println("[DEBUG] Wake setup done");

drawUI();

Serial.printf("In setup(): Just before call to updateBatteryIndicator()\n");

updateBatteryIndicator();

lastActivityTime = millis();

}

void loop()

{

// Prioritize audio

float currentFreq = (selectedFreqIndex >= 0) ? frequencies[selectedFreqIndex] : 0.0f;

generateAudioBuffer(currentFreq);

// Write buffer to I2S

size_t bytesWritten;

i2s_write(I2S_NUM_0, audioBuffer, sizeof(audioBuffer), &bytesWritten, portMAX_DELAY);

if (bytesWritten != sizeof(audioBuffer))

{

Serial.println("I2S write incomplete");

}

checkTouch(); // Check touch after audio to minimize interruption

updateBatteryIndicator();

if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)

{

// Save state to NVS before sleep

prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);

prefs.putInt("freqIndex", selectedFreqIndex);

prefs.putFloat("leftVol", leftVol);

prefs.putFloat("rightVol", rightVol);

prefs.end();

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK); // Optional clear before sleep

Serial.println("Going to deep sleep now");

esp_deep_sleep_start(); // Deep sleep; resets on wake

}

// drawUI function

void drawUI()

{

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK); // Clear screen

// Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

// Left Volume slider (cyan) with label

tft.setTextSize(1);

tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, leftVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);

tft.print("L Vol");

tft.setTextSize(2);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);

int leftFillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + leftFillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

// Right Volume slider (green) with label

tft.setTextSize(1);

tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, rightVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);

tft.print("R Vol");

tft.setTextSize(2);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);

int rightFillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + rightFillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

redrawButtons(); // Apply selected state

}

void updateBatteryIndicator()

{

Serial.printf("In updateBatteryIndicator()\n");

int adcCount = analogRead(batteryPin);

float adcValue = adcCount / 4095.0 * 3.3 * dividerRatio; // Calibrate as needed

int percent = map(adcValue * 100, minVoltage * 100, maxVoltage * 100, 0, 100);

percent = constrain(percent, 0, 100);

int fillWidth = percent * batRectWidth / 100;

int start_y = 10;

//tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear previous

tft.fillRect(0, start_y, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear previous

if (percent <= 20)

{

tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_RED);

}

else if (percent > 20 && percent <= 50)

{

tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_ORANGE);

}

else if (percent > 50)

{

tft.fillRect(0, start_y, fillWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_GREEN);

}

tft.drawRect(0, start_y, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

}

// checkTouch function with hysteresis and state management

void checkTouch()

{

TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();

if (!isPressed)

{

if (p.z > TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH)

{

isPressed = true;

processTouch(p, true); // Initial press = true

}

else

{

if (p.z < TOUCH_PRESS_LOW)

{

isPressed = false;

// Process touch end if needed (not for this app)

}

else

{

processTouch(p, false); // Drag, initial press = false

}

delay(20); // Reduced debounce for responsiveness

}

// Helper to process touch (called on press start or drag)

void processTouch(TS_Point p, bool initialPress)

{

int x = map(p.y, TS_MINY, TS_MAXY, 0, screenWidth); // Inverted X

int y = map(p.x, TS_MINX, TS_MAXX, 0, screenHeight); // Inverted Y

Serial.printf("Mapped X: %d, Y: %d, Z: %d\n", x, y, p.z);

// Check buttons first (only on initial press)

if (initialPress)

{

int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)

{

int index = row * 3 + col;

Serial.printf("Button pressed: %d\n", index); // Debug

if (index != selectedFreqIndex)

{

selectedFreqIndex = index;

}

else

{

selectedFreqIndex = -1; // Toggle off

}

redrawButtons();

return; // Exit to avoid checking sliders

}

// Check left volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)

if (y >= leftVolSliderY - 5 && y <= leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)

{

leftVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;

leftVol = constrain(leftVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);

Serial.printf("Left Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", leftVol); // Debug

int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE); // Redraw border

}

// Check right volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)

if (y >= rightVolSliderY - 5 && y <= rightVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)

{

rightVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;

rightVol = constrain(rightVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);

Serial.printf("Right Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", rightVol); // Debug

int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE); // Redraw border

}

lastActivityTime = millis(); // Reset inactivity timer on touch

}

// redrawButtons function

void redrawButtons()

{

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE); // Ensure border

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

This program worked fine, but had a few problems:

The ESP32 ‘deep sleep’ mode was problematic. The mode itself worked fine (and dropped the current drain down to just a few mA, but when the system came back awake, it wouldn’t reconnect to the BT earbuds. We eventually wound up using the ‘light sleep’ mode, which would reliably reconnect to the earbuds, but drew significantly more current (less battery life).
The earbuds themselves were an issue. When/if the system failed to reconnect, then only way to do so was to put the earbuds back in their charging container and force them back into ‘pairing’ mode so the tone generator box could ‘see’ them again, and this was a PITA.

These issues led my wife to ask if I could change the project to use wired earbuds rather than wireless. This made the design both simpler and more complex. Simpler because now ‘sleep’ wouldn’t be an issue as the wired earbuds eliminated the need to connect via BT. More complex, because the CYD has no native stereo output, so an additional module to convert I2S protocol stereo audio data to human-audible stereo sound was required, and in turn this required finding a third output-enabled GPIO line (the CYD configuration uses most of the ESP32’s GPIO lines to run the display), and this required cutting a board trace and running a jumper to access GPIO26.

Here’s my statement to Grok:

Me: referencing our CYD Tone Generator project, I want to modify it to use plug-in wired earbuds rather than BT. I believe this will require outputting the audio on two GPIO lines (22 & 27)? and implementing an audio amplifier and a volume control. Can you recommend a good audio amplifier package for this?

Grok immediately identified a really nice module:

Grok: I recommend the PCM5102A I2S DAC module (often labeled as “PCM5102 DAC Decoder” or similar). It’s a compact, affordable breakout board widely used in ESP32 audio projects for its simplicity and good sound quality (32-bit, up to 384kHz sampling). Many versions include a built-in 3.5mm headphone jack, making it plug-and-play for wired earbuds without additional soldering for the connector.

Why this one?

Directly interfaces with ESP32 I2S output (no need for the internal DAC on GPIO 25/26).

Provides line-level analog output that can drive most earbuds (16–32Ω impedance) at reasonable volumes without distortion—users commonly report success with direct connection for low-power applications like tones.

Low noise, high SNR (112dB), and minimal external components needed.

Cheap and available: ~$5–10 on Amazon, AliExpress, or electronics sites like Adafruit/SparkFun (search for “PCM5102 I2S DAC module”).

If your earbuds are very sensitive or you need more headroom, some variants include an integrated headphone amplifier (e.g., based on LM4880M—look for “PCM5102 with headphone amp” on Tindie or AliExpress for ~$10–15).

Connections (assuming standard I2S remapping in code):

VCC: 3.3V from ESP32.

GND: Shared ground.

BCLK (bit clock): Connect to your GPIO 22 (or remap as needed).

LRCK/WS (word select/left-right clock): You’ll likely need a third GPIO (e.g., 25 or 26) for this—add it if not already in your setup.

DIN/SDIN (data in): Connect to your GPIO 27.

FMT, FLT, DMP, SCL: Ground these (or leave default for standard I2S format).

XMT/XSMT: 3.3V (unmutes the output).

Analog out: Directly to 3.5mm jack for earbuds.

So I got a couple of the PCM5102A I2S DAC modules from Amazon, and wired them up according to Grok’s instructions. 3.3V, Gnd, BCLK, DIN all came from CN1 on the CYD, but I had to cut a trace to free GPIO26 from it’s normal connection through an audio amp to the ‘speaker’ connector so I could use it for LRCK. See below for the details:

Here’s the program:

/*
    Name:       CYD_ToneGen_DeepSleep_LibConflict_Reverb.ino
    Created:	1/20/2026 4:30:19 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank
*/

// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies
// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, I2S for audio output to PCM5102
// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials
// Wired output to PCM5102 DAC (pins: BCK=22, WS=27, DATA=26)
// Deep sleep after 20 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO36); state persisted in NVS

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>
#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <math.h>  // For sin and PI
#include <Preferences.h>  // For NVS storage

// Touch pin definitions (VSPI with custom pins)
#define TOUCH_CS 33
#define TOUCH_IRQ 36
#define TOUCH_PRESSURE_THRESHOLD 100  // Minimum z (pressure) to consider a valid touch (filter noise)
#define TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH 150  // Higher threshold for initial press detection
#define TOUCH_PRESS_LOW 50    // Lower threshold for release detection (hysteresis)
#define TOUCH_CLK 25
#define TOUCH_MISO 39
#define TOUCH_MOSI 32

// Touch calibration constants
const int TS_MINX = 3831, TS_MINY = 308, TS_MAXX = 294, TS_MAXY = 3798;

// Display and Touch
TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();
SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI);  // Use VSPI bus
XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(TOUCH_CS, TOUCH_IRQ);

// I2S pin configuration
#define I2S_BCK_PIN 22   // Bit clock
#define I2S_WS_PIN 27    // Word select (LRCK)
#define I2S_DATA_PIN 26  // Data out (DIN)

// Audio parameters
#define SAMPLE_RATE 44100
#define BITS_PER_SAMPLE 16
#define CHANNELS 2  // Stereo
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024  // Increased for smoother playback (adjust if needed)
const float masterGain = 0.5f;  //01/20/26 Jo Pref: 0.5 = half previous max volume; tune to 0.4, 0.6, etc.

//reverb constants
#define DELAY_SAMPLES 22050  // ~0.5 s delay at 44.1 kHz
int16_t delayBuffer[DELAY_SAMPLES] = { 0 };
int delayPtr = 0;
const float reverbDecay = 0.4f;   // 0.0–1.0 → how fast echo fades
const float reverbFeedback = 0.35f; // 0.0–0.6 → how much echo feeds back (keep low to avoid ringing)

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)
const float frequencies[9] = { 174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963 };
int selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)
const int screenWidth = 240;
const int screenHeight = 320;
const int buttonSize = 70;
const int buttonSpacing = 10;
const int sliderHeight = 25;  // Reduced to fit on screen
const int sliderSpacing = 10;  // Adjusted spacing
const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;
const int sliderX = 10;
const int leftVolSliderY = 255;  // Adjusted to match touch top y~260, avoid button overlap
const int rightVolSliderY = leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + sliderSpacing;  // 255+25+10=290 to 315 (fits within 320)

// Audio controls
float leftVol = 0.5f;  // Left ear volume (0-1)
float rightVol = 0.5f;  // Right ear volume (0-1)

// Battery indicator (digital)
const int batteryPin = 35;
int batRectWidth = 30;
int batRectHeight = 5;

// Deep sleep (after inactivity)
unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;
const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 20UL * 60 * 1000;  // 20 minutes

// RTC data for surviving deep sleep
RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

// Global buffer for samples
int16_t audioBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE * CHANNELS];

// NVS for state persistence
Preferences prefs;

// Touch state for hysteresis
bool isPressed = false;

 //Function to generate audio data (sine wave with separate L/R volumes)
//01/20/26 mod to halve volume for Jo pref
void generateAudioBuffer(float frequency)
{
  static float phase = 0.0;
  const float phaseIncrement = 2.0 * M_PI * frequency / SAMPLE_RATE;

  for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_SIZE; i++)
  {
    int16_t sample = (int16_t)(sin(phase) * 32767.0);  // full-scale dry sine

    // Apply L/R volumes first (slider 0–1)
    int32_t left = (int32_t)(sample * leftVol);
    int32_t right = (int32_t)(sample * rightVol);

    // Apply master gain (halves overall level without affecting slider mapping)
    left = (int32_t)(left * masterGain);
    right = (int32_t)(right * masterGain);

    // Clip to 16-bit range
    audioBuffer[2 * i] = (int16_t)constrain(left, INT16_MIN, INT16_MAX);
    audioBuffer[2 * i + 1] = (int16_t)constrain(right, INT16_MIN, INT16_MAX);

    phase += phaseIncrement;
    if (phase >= 2.0 * M_PI) phase -= 2.0 * M_PI;
  }
}

// Method to print the reason by which ESP32 has been awaken from sleep
void print_wakeup_reason()
{
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

  switch (wakeup_reason)
  {
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
  case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
  default: Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n", wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  touchscreenSPI.begin(TOUCH_CLK, TOUCH_MISO, TOUCH_MOSI, TOUCH_CS);
  ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);
  ts.setRotation(1);

  tft.init();
  tft.invertDisplay(1);
  tft.setRotation(2);
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextSize(2);

  pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

  // Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

  // Print the wakeup reason for ESP32
  print_wakeup_reason();

  // Load state from NVS
  prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);
  selectedFreqIndex = prefs.getInt("freqIndex", -1);
  //leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.5f);
  //rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.5f);
  leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.1f);//Jo pref
  rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.1f);//Jo pref
  prefs.end();

  // Configure I2S
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),
    .sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = (i2s_bits_per_sample_t)BITS_PER_SAMPLE,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = 0,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = BUFFER_SIZE,
    .use_apll = true,  // Better clock accuracy for audio
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = true,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_BCK_PIN,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS_PIN,
    .data_out_num = I2S_DATA_PIN,
    .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE
  };

  // Install and start I2S driver
  if (i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL) != ESP_OK)
  {
    Serial.println("I2S driver install failed");
    while (1);
  }
  if (i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config) != ESP_OK)
  {
    Serial.println("I2S pin set failed");
    while (1);
  }

  Serial.println("I2S initialized.");

  // Configure external wake up on GPIO36 (TOUCH_IRQ, wakes on low level when touched)
  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup((gpio_num_t)TOUCH_IRQ, 0);  // 0 for low level
  Serial.println("[DEBUG] Wake setup done");

  drawUI();
  updateBatteryIndicator();
  lastActivityTime = millis();
}

void loop()
{
  // Prioritize audio
  float currentFreq = (selectedFreqIndex >= 0) ? frequencies[selectedFreqIndex] : 0.0f;
  generateAudioBuffer(currentFreq);

  // Write buffer to I2S
  size_t bytesWritten;
  i2s_write(I2S_NUM_0, audioBuffer, sizeof(audioBuffer), &bytesWritten, portMAX_DELAY);

  if (bytesWritten != sizeof(audioBuffer))
  {
    Serial.println("I2S write incomplete");
  }

  checkTouch();  // Check touch after audio to minimize interruption

  updateBatteryIndicator();

  if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)
  {
    // Save state to NVS before sleep
    prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);
    prefs.putInt("freqIndex", selectedFreqIndex);
    prefs.putFloat("leftVol", leftVol);
    prefs.putFloat("rightVol", rightVol);
    prefs.end();

    tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);  // Optional clear before sleep
    Serial.println("Going to deep sleep now");
    esp_deep_sleep_start();  // Deep sleep; resets on wake
  }
}

// drawUI function
void drawUI()
{
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);  // Clear screen

  // Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }

  // Left Volume slider (cyan) with label
  tft.setTextSize(1);
  tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, leftVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);
  tft.print("L");
  tft.setTextSize(2);
  tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);
  int leftFillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + leftFillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

  // Right Volume slider (green) with label
  tft.setTextSize(1);
  tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, rightVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);
  tft.print("R");
  tft.setTextSize(2);
  tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);
  int rightFillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);
  tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + rightFillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

  tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

  redrawButtons();  // Apply selected state
}

// updateBatteryIndicator function using digitalRead
void updateBatteryIndicator()
{
  int batLevel = digitalRead(batteryPin);  // 1 = HIGH (good), 0 = LOW (low)
  //Serial.println("Battery digital: " + String(batLevel));  // Debug

  tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear previous

  if (batLevel == 0)
  {
    tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_RED);  // Low
  }
  else
  {
    tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_GREEN);  // Good
  }

  tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);
}

// checkTouch function with hysteresis and state management
void checkTouch()
{
  TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();

  if (!isPressed)
  {
    if (p.z > TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH)
    {
      isPressed = true;
      processTouch(p, true);  // Initial press = true
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (p.z < TOUCH_PRESS_LOW)
    {
      isPressed = false;
      // Process touch end if needed (not for this app)
    }
    else
    {
      processTouch(p, false);  // Drag, initial press = false
    }
  }
  delay(20);  // Reduced debounce for responsiveness
}

// Helper to process touch (called on press start or drag)
void processTouch(TS_Point p, bool initialPress)
{
  int x = map(p.y, TS_MINY, TS_MAXY, 0, screenWidth);  // Inverted X
  int y = map(p.x, TS_MINX, TS_MAXX, 0, screenHeight);  // Inverted Y
  //Serial.printf("Mapped X: %d, Y: %d, Z: %d\n", x, y, p.z);

  // Check buttons first (only on initial press)
  if (initialPress)
  {
    int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)
    {
      int index = row * 3 + col;
      //Serial.printf("Button pressed: %d\n", index);  // Debug
      if (index != selectedFreqIndex)
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = index;
      }
      else
      {
        selectedFreqIndex = -1;  // Toggle off
      }
      redrawButtons();
      return;  // Exit to avoid checking sliders
    }
  }

  // Check left volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)
  if (y >= leftVolSliderY - 5 && y <= leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)
  {
    leftVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;
    leftVol = constrain(leftVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    //Serial.printf("Left Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", leftVol);  // Debug
    int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);  // Redraw border
  }

  // Check right volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)
  if (y >= rightVolSliderY - 5 && y <= rightVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)
  {
    rightVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;
    rightVol = constrain(rightVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);
    tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);  // Redraw border
  }

  lastActivityTime = millis();  // Reset inactivity timer on touch
}

// redrawButtons function
void redrawButtons()
{
  int row = 0;
  int col = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
  {
    int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);
    tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);
    tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);  // Ensure border
    tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);
    tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);
    col++;
    if (col > 2)
    {
      col = 0;
      row++;
    }
  }
}

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Name: CYD_ToneGen_DeepSleep_LibConflict_Reverb.ino

Created: 1/20/2026 4:30:19 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

// ESP32 CYD Sinewave Tone Generator for Solfeggio Frequencies

// Uses TFT_eSPI for display, XPT2046_Touchscreen for touch, I2S for audio output to PCM5102

// Assumes TFT_eSPI User_Setup.h configured for CYD: ILI9341, pins as per Random Nerd Tutorials

// Wired output to PCM5102 DAC (pins: BCK=22, WS=27, DATA=26)

// Deep sleep after 20 min inactivity, wake on touch IRQ (GPIO36); state persisted in NVS

// Libraries (install via Arduino Library Manager)

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

#include <XPT2046_Touchscreen.h>

#include <driver/i2s.h>

#include <math.h> // For sin and PI

#include <Preferences.h> // For NVS storage

// Touch pin definitions (VSPI with custom pins)

#define TOUCH_CS 33

#define TOUCH_IRQ 36

#define TOUCH_PRESSURE_THRESHOLD 100 // Minimum z (pressure) to consider a valid touch (filter noise)

#define TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH 150 // Higher threshold for initial press detection

#define TOUCH_PRESS_LOW 50 // Lower threshold for release detection (hysteresis)

#define TOUCH_CLK 25

#define TOUCH_MISO 39

#define TOUCH_MOSI 32

// Touch calibration constants

const int TS_MINX = 3831, TS_MINY = 308, TS_MAXX = 294, TS_MAXY = 3798;

// Display and Touch

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();

SPIClass touchscreenSPI = SPIClass(VSPI); // Use VSPI bus

XPT2046_Touchscreen ts(TOUCH_CS, TOUCH_IRQ);

// I2S pin configuration

#define I2S_BCK_PIN 22 // Bit clock

#define I2S_WS_PIN 27 // Word select (LRCK)

#define I2S_DATA_PIN 26 // Data out (DIN)

// Audio parameters

#define SAMPLE_RATE 44100

#define BITS_PER_SAMPLE 16

#define CHANNELS 2 // Stereo

#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 // Increased for smoother playback (adjust if needed)

const float masterGain = 0.5f; //01/20/26 Jo Pref: 0.5 = half previous max volume; tune to 0.4, 0.6, etc.

//reverb constants

#define DELAY_SAMPLES 22050 // ~0.5 s delay at 44.1 kHz

int16_t delayBuffer[DELAY_SAMPLES] = { 0 };

int delayPtr = 0;

const float reverbDecay = 0.4f; // 0.0–1.0 → how fast echo fades

const float reverbFeedback = 0.35f; // 0.0–0.6 → how much echo feeds back (keep low to avoid ringing)

// Solfeggio Frequencies (Hz)

const float frequencies[9] = { 174, 285, 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852, 963 };

int selectedFreqIndex = -1; // None selected initially

// UI Dimensions (240x320 portrait)

const int screenWidth = 240;

const int screenHeight = 320;

const int buttonSize = 70;

const int buttonSpacing = 10;

const int sliderHeight = 25; // Reduced to fit on screen

const int sliderSpacing = 10; // Adjusted spacing

const int sliderWidth = screenWidth - 20;

const int sliderX = 10;

const int leftVolSliderY = 255; // Adjusted to match touch top y~260, avoid button overlap

const int rightVolSliderY = leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + sliderSpacing; // 255+25+10=290 to 315 (fits within 320)

// Audio controls

float leftVol = 0.5f; // Left ear volume (0-1)

float rightVol = 0.5f; // Right ear volume (0-1)

// Battery indicator (digital)

const int batteryPin = 35;

int batRectWidth = 30;

int batRectHeight = 5;

// Deep sleep (after inactivity)

unsigned long lastActivityTime = 0;

const unsigned long sleepTimeout = 20UL * 60 * 1000; // 20 minutes

// RTC data for surviving deep sleep

RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

// Global buffer for samples

int16_t audioBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE * CHANNELS];

// NVS for state persistence

Preferences prefs;

// Touch state for hysteresis

bool isPressed = false;

//Function to generate audio data (sine wave with separate L/R volumes)

//01/20/26 mod to halve volume for Jo pref

void generateAudioBuffer(float frequency)

{

static float phase = 0.0;

const float phaseIncrement = 2.0 * M_PI * frequency / SAMPLE_RATE;

for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_SIZE; i++)

{

int16_t sample = (int16_t)(sin(phase) * 32767.0); // full-scale dry sine

// Apply L/R volumes first (slider 0–1)

int32_t left = (int32_t)(sample * leftVol);

int32_t right = (int32_t)(sample * rightVol);

// Apply master gain (halves overall level without affecting slider mapping)

left = (int32_t)(left * masterGain);

right = (int32_t)(right * masterGain);

// Clip to 16-bit range

audioBuffer[2 * i] = (int16_t)constrain(left, INT16_MIN, INT16_MAX);

audioBuffer[2 * i + 1] = (int16_t)constrain(right, INT16_MIN, INT16_MAX);

phase += phaseIncrement;

if (phase >= 2.0 * M_PI) phase -= 2.0 * M_PI;

}

// Method to print the reason by which ESP32 has been awaken from sleep

void print_wakeup_reason()

{

esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

switch (wakeup_reason)

{

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;

case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP: Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;

default: Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n", wakeup_reason); break;

}

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200);

touchscreenSPI.begin(TOUCH_CLK, TOUCH_MISO, TOUCH_MOSI, TOUCH_CS);

ts.begin(touchscreenSPI);

ts.setRotation(1);

tft.init();

tft.invertDisplay(1);

tft.setRotation(2);

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextSize(2);

pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);

// Increment boot number and print it every reboot

++bootCount;

Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

// Print the wakeup reason for ESP32

print_wakeup_reason();

// Load state from NVS

prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);

selectedFreqIndex = prefs.getInt("freqIndex", -1);

//leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.5f);

//rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.5f);

leftVol = prefs.getFloat("leftVol", 0.1f);//Jo pref

rightVol = prefs.getFloat("rightVol", 0.1f);//Jo pref

prefs.end();

// Configure I2S

i2s_config_t i2s_config = {

.mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),

.sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE,

.bits_per_sample = (i2s_bits_per_sample_t)BITS_PER_SAMPLE,

.channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,

.communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,

.intr_alloc_flags = 0,

.dma_buf_count = 8,

.dma_buf_len = BUFFER_SIZE,

.use_apll = true, // Better clock accuracy for audio

.tx_desc_auto_clear = true,

.fixed_mclk = 0

};

i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {

.bck_io_num = I2S_BCK_PIN,

.ws_io_num = I2S_WS_PIN,

.data_out_num = I2S_DATA_PIN,

.data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE

};

// Install and start I2S driver

if (i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL) != ESP_OK)

{

Serial.println("I2S driver install failed");

while (1);

}

if (i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config) != ESP_OK)

{

Serial.println("I2S pin set failed");

while (1);

}

Serial.println("I2S initialized.");

// Configure external wake up on GPIO36 (TOUCH_IRQ, wakes on low level when touched)

esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup((gpio_num_t)TOUCH_IRQ, 0); // 0 for low level

Serial.println("[DEBUG] Wake setup done");

drawUI();

updateBatteryIndicator();

lastActivityTime = millis();

}

void loop()

{

// Prioritize audio

float currentFreq = (selectedFreqIndex >= 0) ? frequencies[selectedFreqIndex] : 0.0f;

generateAudioBuffer(currentFreq);

// Write buffer to I2S

size_t bytesWritten;

i2s_write(I2S_NUM_0, audioBuffer, sizeof(audioBuffer), &bytesWritten, portMAX_DELAY);

if (bytesWritten != sizeof(audioBuffer))

{

Serial.println("I2S write incomplete");

}

checkTouch(); // Check touch after audio to minimize interruption

updateBatteryIndicator();

if (millis() - lastActivityTime > sleepTimeout)

{

// Save state to NVS before sleep

prefs.begin("cyd_tone", false);

prefs.putInt("freqIndex", selectedFreqIndex);

prefs.putFloat("leftVol", leftVol);

prefs.putFloat("rightVol", rightVol);

prefs.end();

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK); // Optional clear before sleep

Serial.println("Going to deep sleep now");

esp_deep_sleep_start(); // Deep sleep; resets on wake

}

// drawUI function

void drawUI()

{

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK); // Clear screen

// Draw 3x3 buttons for frequencies

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE);

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

// Left Volume slider (cyan) with label

tft.setTextSize(1);

tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, leftVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);

tft.print("L");

tft.setTextSize(2);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);

int leftFillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + leftFillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - leftFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

// Right Volume slider (green) with label

tft.setTextSize(1);

tft.setCursor(sliderX - 30, rightVolSliderY + (sliderHeight / 2) - 4);

tft.print("R");

tft.setTextSize(2);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE);

int rightFillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + rightFillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - rightFillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

redrawButtons(); // Apply selected state

}

// updateBatteryIndicator function using digitalRead

void updateBatteryIndicator()

{

int batLevel = digitalRead(batteryPin); // 1 = HIGH (good), 0 = LOW (low)

//Serial.println("Battery digital: " + String(batLevel)); // Debug

tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear previous

if (batLevel == 0)

{

tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_RED); // Low

}

else

{

tft.fillRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_GREEN); // Good

}

tft.drawRect(0, 0, batRectWidth, batRectHeight, TFT_WHITE);

}

// checkTouch function with hysteresis and state management

void checkTouch()

{

TS_Point p = ts.getPoint();

if (!isPressed)

{

if (p.z > TOUCH_PRESS_HIGH)

{

isPressed = true;

processTouch(p, true); // Initial press = true

}

else

{

if (p.z < TOUCH_PRESS_LOW)

{

isPressed = false;

// Process touch end if needed (not for this app)

}

else

{

processTouch(p, false); // Drag, initial press = false

}

delay(20); // Reduced debounce for responsiveness

}

// Helper to process touch (called on press start or drag)

void processTouch(TS_Point p, bool initialPress)

{

int x = map(p.y, TS_MINY, TS_MAXY, 0, screenWidth); // Inverted X

int y = map(p.x, TS_MINX, TS_MAXX, 0, screenHeight); // Inverted Y

//Serial.printf("Mapped X: %d, Y: %d, Z: %d\n", x, y, p.z);

// Check buttons first (only on initial press)

if (initialPress)

{

int row = (y - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int col = (x - buttonSpacing) / (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3)

{

int index = row * 3 + col;

//Serial.printf("Button pressed: %d\n", index); // Debug

if (index != selectedFreqIndex)

{

selectedFreqIndex = index;

}

else

{

selectedFreqIndex = -1; // Toggle off

}

redrawButtons();

return; // Exit to avoid checking sliders

}

// Check left volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)

if (y >= leftVolSliderY - 5 && y <= leftVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)

{

leftVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;

leftVol = constrain(leftVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);

//Serial.printf("Left Vol adjusted to: %.2f\n", leftVol); // Debug

int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(leftVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, leftVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_CYAN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, leftVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, leftVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE); // Redraw border

}

// Check right volume slider (allow drag, initial or ongoing)

if (y >= rightVolSliderY - 5 && y <= rightVolSliderY + sliderHeight + 5 && x >= sliderX && x <= sliderX + sliderWidth)

{

rightVol = static_cast<float>(x - sliderX) / sliderWidth;

rightVol = constrain(rightVol, 0.0f, 1.0f);

int fillWidth = static_cast<int>(rightVol * (sliderWidth - 2));

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1, rightVolSliderY + 1, fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_GREEN);

tft.fillRect(sliderX + 1 + fillWidth, rightVolSliderY + 1, sliderWidth - 2 - fillWidth, sliderHeight - 2, TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(sliderX, rightVolSliderY, sliderWidth, sliderHeight, TFT_WHITE); // Redraw border

}

lastActivityTime = millis(); // Reset inactivity timer on touch

}

// redrawButtons function

void redrawButtons()

{

int row = 0;

int col = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)

{

int x = buttonSpacing + col * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

int y = buttonSpacing + row * (buttonSize + buttonSpacing);

tft.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, buttonSize - 2, buttonSize - 2, (i == selectedFreqIndex) ? TFT_BLUE : TFT_BLACK);

tft.drawRect(x, y, buttonSize, buttonSize, TFT_WHITE); // Ensure border

tft.setCursor(x + 10, y + 25);

tft.printf("%.0f", frequencies[i]);

col++;

if (col > 2)

{

col = 0;

row++;

}

This all worked really well, except for one last major ‘gotcha’. We used GPIO35 (input only) to monitor the battery voltage, and implemented a small ‘slider’ style battery charge indicator at the very top of the display. A call to ‘analogRead()’ in loop() measured battery voltage, and this value was depicted by the length and color of the ‘slider’ display. Unfortunately it turned out that the ESP32 library required to run the PCM5102A DAC module conflicted with the Arduino library used for ‘analogRead()’ calls. As hard as this was to believe, it was real, and neither Grok nor I could figure any way around it. So, we wound up using ‘digitalRead()’ instead (which obviously will only return a ‘0’ or ‘1’) and displaying either a full-length green slider (battery good) or a full-length red slider (battery bad).

And the schematic:

GPS-enabled Dash Cam Power Switch

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Posted 10 November 2025

A while ago I got a dash cam for my truck, thinking that would be a good thing to have if someone tries to cash in on my insurance by deliberately backing into me on the road. So, I got this dash cam, mounted it on the windshield of my truck, and life was good. Then my wife and I went out of town for a few days and when we came back (at 2am), the truck battery was dead and it took us a while (and a new car battery) to recover. This happened one more time, fortunately in my garage, and I decided I was going to have to come up with a way of killing the power to the dash cam when (or shortly thereafter) the truck stopped moving.

I researched the power outlets in my truck (a 2011 Ford F-150) and found that the power to the SYNC system was (at least theoretically) on only when the engine was running. Unfortunately, I had pulled the fuse for this circuit years before to keep SYNC from grabbing my phone’s Bluetooth signal even though I had long ago UNpartnered SYNC and my phone, so that was out.

My next idea was to construct a power switch around one of the recent GPS modules available cheaply, such as this one. I looked around a little bit, and found the nice ‘TinyGPS++’ library, and used a Sparkfun Pro Micro (the Arduino version) from my parts box to interface to the GPS module. Another search and I found an example sketch, and I was in business. After the usual number of errors I got the sketch working, with data displayed in the serial window of my Windows 11/Visual Studio/Visual Micro setup.

Unfortunately, all the data came back as ‘INVALID’, mostly because we live in an earth-sheltered house, and that pretty much snuffs out any GPS signals. The next day I took my laptop and the breadboard for a spin, and the GPS module started spitting out valid data about 30 seconds after I backed out of the garage. The data looks like this:

Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00
Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00
Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00
Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00
Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00
Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00

Location: INVALID Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.00

Location: 39.887649,-83.153770 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:49.98

Location: 39.887664,-83.153671 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:51.00

Location: 39.887680,-83.153594 Date/Time: 11/10/2025 20:12:52.00

This isn’t particularly useful for my project, as I had planned to use speed < MPH_THRESHOLD for some time > ELAPSED_TIME_THRESHOLD, maybe something like 10-20 minutes. The above data has the time I need, but not the speed. Maybe the TinyGPS++ library has that capability?

Yes, the TinyGPS++ library does have the methods I want. Here’s the code I came up with:

/*
    Name:       GT_U7_GPS.ino
    Created:	11/8/2025 9:51:34 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank
*/

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 5
#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN 5 //for debug - change to 20 later
#define POWER_SWITCH_PIN 10

//#include <TinyGPS++.h>
#include <TinyGPSPlus.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <ElapsedMillis.h>
elapsedSeconds SecSinceTooSlow;

// Define the pins for RX and TX
static const int RXPin = 8, TXPin = 9;
static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;
// Create a TinyGPS++ object
TinyGPSPlus gps;
// Create a SoftwareSerial object
SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin);
void setup() 
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  ss.begin(GPSBaud);
  Serial.println(F("GPS Start"));
  SecSinceTooSlow = 0;
}

void loop() {
  // Read data from the GPS module
  while (ss.available() > 0) 
  {
    if (gps.encode(ss.read())) 
    {
      displayInfo();

      //update power switch state
      digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, UpdatePowerCondition());

    }
  }
  // Check if no GPS data is received
  if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10) 
  {
    Serial.println(F("No GPS detected: check wiring."));
    while (true);
  }
}
void displayInfo() 
{
  //Serial.print(F("Location: "));
  //if (gps.location.isValid()) {
  //  Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);
  //  Serial.print(F(","));
  //  Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);
  //}
  //else 
  //{
  //  Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  //}

  //11/10/25 gfp dropped 'Location', added 'Speed'
  Serial.print(F("Speed: "));
  if(gps.speed.isValid())
  {
    Serial.print(gps.speed.mph(), 3);
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }

  Serial.print(F(" Date/Time: "));
  if (gps.date.isValid()) 
  {
    Serial.print(gps.date.month());
    Serial.print(F("/"));
    Serial.print(gps.date.day());
    Serial.print(F("/"));
    Serial.print(gps.date.year());
  }
  else 
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }
  Serial.print(F(" "));
  //if (gps.time.isValid()) 
  //{
  //  if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.hour());
  //  Serial.print(F(":"));
  //  if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.minute());
  //  Serial.print(F(":"));
  //  if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.second());
  //  Serial.print(F("."));
  //  if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());
  //}
  //else {
  //  Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  //}
  PrintTime();
  Serial.println();
}

bool UpdatePowerCondition()
{
  //Purpose: Determine if output power should be enabled or disabled
  //Inputs: SecSinceTooSlow = UnsignedLong indicating sec since speed fell below threshold
  //Outputs: False if speed < UpdatePowerCondition() AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN
  //         Otherwise True.
  //Procedure:
  //  Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.
  //  Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

  bool result = false; //default is to kill the power
//Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.
  if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)
  {
    Serial.print("Power ON at: ");
    PrintTime();
    Serial.println();

    SecSinceTooSlow = 0; //reset elapsed time
    result = true;
  }

//Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE
  if (gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && SecSinceTooSlow >= (unsigned long)(60*MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN))
  {
    Serial.print("Power OFF at: ");
    PrintTime();
    Serial.println();
    result = true;
  }
  
  return result;
}
void PrintTime()
{
  if (gps.time.isValid())
  {
    if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.hour());
    Serial.print(F(":"));
    if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.minute());
    Serial.print(F(":"));
    if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.second());
    Serial.print(F("."));
    if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());
  }
  else 
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }
}

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Name: GT_U7_GPS.ino

Created: 11/8/2025 9:51:34 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 5

#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN 5 //for debug - change to 20 later

#define POWER_SWITCH_PIN 10

//#include <TinyGPS++.h>

#include <TinyGPSPlus.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <ElapsedMillis.h>

elapsedSeconds SecSinceTooSlow;

// Define the pins for RX and TX

static const int RXPin = 8, TXPin = 9;

static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;

// Create a TinyGPS++ object

TinyGPSPlus gps;

// Create a SoftwareSerial object

SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin);

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200);

ss.begin(GPSBaud);

Serial.println(F("GPS Start"));

SecSinceTooSlow = 0;

}

void loop() {

// Read data from the GPS module

while (ss.available() > 0)

{

if (gps.encode(ss.read()))

{

displayInfo();

//update power switch state

digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, UpdatePowerCondition());

}

// Check if no GPS data is received

if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10)

{

Serial.println(F("No GPS detected: check wiring."));

while (true);

}

void displayInfo()

{

//Serial.print(F("Location: "));

//if (gps.location.isValid()) {

// Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);

// Serial.print(F(","));

// Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);

//}

//else

//{

// Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

//}

//11/10/25 gfp dropped 'Location', added 'Speed'

Serial.print(F("Speed: "));

if(gps.speed.isValid())

{

Serial.print(gps.speed.mph(), 3);

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

Serial.print(F(" Date/Time: "));

if (gps.date.isValid())

{

Serial.print(gps.date.month());

Serial.print(F("/"));

Serial.print(gps.date.day());

Serial.print(F("/"));

Serial.print(gps.date.year());

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

Serial.print(F(" "));

//if (gps.time.isValid())

//{

// if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.hour());

// Serial.print(F(":"));

// if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.minute());

// Serial.print(F(":"));

// if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.second());

// Serial.print(F("."));

// if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());

//}

//else {

// Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

//}

PrintTime();

Serial.println();

}

bool UpdatePowerCondition()

{

//Purpose: Determine if output power should be enabled or disabled

//Inputs: SecSinceTooSlow = UnsignedLong indicating sec since speed fell below threshold

//Outputs: False if speed < UpdatePowerCondition() AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN

// Otherwise True.

//Procedure:

// Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.

// Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

bool result = false; //default is to kill the power

//Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.

if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)

{

Serial.print("Power ON at: ");

PrintTime();

Serial.println();

SecSinceTooSlow = 0; //reset elapsed time

result = true;

}

//Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

if (gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && SecSinceTooSlow >= (unsigned long)(60*MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN))

{

Serial.print("Power OFF at: ");

PrintTime();

Serial.println();

result = true;

}

return result;

}

void PrintTime()

{

if (gps.time.isValid())

{

if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.hour());

Serial.print(F(":"));

if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.minute());

Serial.print(F(":"));

if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.second());

Serial.print(F("."));

if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

Now to test the code. I found a free web-based app called NMEASimulator by panazzolo.com that allows me to set a course with heading and speed, and then output the corresponding NMEA sentences to a COM port. With a USB-to-Serial adapter I should be able to replace the data lines from the GPS module with the simulator output and test the code.

12 November 2025 Update:

My USB-to-Serial adapter arrived today, and I was able to connect it to my GPS switching board, bypassing the actual GPS. Then I was able to use the NMEA simulator to transmit NMEA messages to the Sparkfun Pro Micro and test the Dash Cam power switch algorithm.

This combination worked great! I started the action, NMEA sentences started flowing to the Pro Micro which output decoded speed values to the debug window. I could run the speed up and down and watch the program toggle power to the load (39-Ohm power resistor) in response to the speed changes. The only things left to do are to build an enclosure and change the time and speed threshold parameters. Here’s the ‘final’ code:

/*
    Name:       GT_U7_GPS.ino
    Created:	11/8/2025 9:51:34 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank
*/

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 5
#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN 1 //for debug - change to 20 later
#define POWER_SWITCH_PIN 10

//#include <TinyGPS++.h>
#include <TinyGPSPlus.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <ElapsedMillis.h>
elapsedSeconds SecSinceTooSlow;

// Define the pins for RX and TX
static const int RXPin = 8, TXPin = 9;
static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;

// Create a TinyGPS++ object
TinyGPSPlus gps;

// Create a SoftwareSerial object
SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin);

void setup() 
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  ss.begin(GPSBaud);
  Serial.println(F("GPS Start"));
  SecSinceTooSlow = 0;
  pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Read data from the GPS module
  while (ss.available() > 0) 
  {
    if (gps.encode(ss.read())) 
    {
      displayInfo();

      //update power switch state
      if (!UpdatePowerCondition())
      {
        Serial.println("UpdatePowerCondition() returned FALSE - Powering OFF");
        digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);

      }
      else
      {
        Serial.println("UpdatePowerCondition() returned TRUE - Powering ON");
        digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, HIGH);
      }

    }
  }
  // Check if no GPS data is received
  if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10) 
  {
    Serial.println(F("No GPS detected: check wiring."));
    while (true);
  }
}
void displayInfo() 
{
  //Serial.print(F("Location: "));
  //if (gps.location.isValid()) {
  //  Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);
  //  Serial.print(F(","));
  //  Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);
  //}
  //else 
  //{
  //  Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  //}

  //11/10/25 gfp dropped 'Location', added 'Speed'
  Serial.print(F("Speed: "));
  if(gps.speed.isValid())
  {
    Serial.print(gps.speed.mph(), 3);
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }

  Serial.print(F(" Date/Time: "));
  if (gps.date.isValid()) 
  {
    Serial.print(gps.date.month());
    Serial.print(F("/"));
    Serial.print(gps.date.day());
    Serial.print(F("/"));
    Serial.print(gps.date.year());
  }
  else 
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }
  Serial.print(F(" "));
  //if (gps.time.isValid()) 
  //{
  //  if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.hour());
  //  Serial.print(F(":"));
  //  if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.minute());
  //  Serial.print(F(":"));
  //  if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.second());
  //  Serial.print(F("."));
  //  if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
  //  Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());
  //}
  //else {
  //  Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  //}
  PrintTime();
  Serial.println();
}

bool UpdatePowerCondition()
{
  //Purpose: Determine if output power should be enabled or disabled
  //Inputs: SecSinceTooSlow = UnsignedLong indicating sec since speed fell below threshold
  //Outputs: False if speed < UpdatePowerCondition() AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN
  //         Otherwise True.
  //Procedure:
  //  Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.
  //  Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

  bool result = false; //default is to kill the power

//Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.
  if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)
  {
    Serial.print("Power ON at: ");
    PrintTime();
    Serial.println();

    Serial.print("Speed greater than threshold; Resetting SecSinceTooSlow from "); Serial.println(SecSinceTooSlow);
    SecSinceTooSlow = 0; //reset elapsed time
    
    result = true;
  }

//Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE
  if (gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)
  {
    Serial.print("Speed below threshold at "); PrintTime(); Serial.print(" with SecSinceTooSlow = "); Serial.println(SecSinceTooSlow);

    if (SecSinceTooSlow >= (unsigned long)(60 * MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN))
    {
      result = false;
    }
    else
    {
      result = true;
    }
  }
  
  return result;
}

void PrintTime()
{
  if (gps.time.isValid())
  {
    if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.hour());
    Serial.print(F(":"));
    if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.minute());
    Serial.print(F(":"));
    if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.second());
    Serial.print(F("."));
    if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());
  }
  else 
  {
    Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
  }
}

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Name: GT_U7_GPS.ino

Created: 11/8/2025 9:51:34 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 5

#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN 1 //for debug - change to 20 later

#define POWER_SWITCH_PIN 10

//#include <TinyGPS++.h>

#include <TinyGPSPlus.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <ElapsedMillis.h>

elapsedSeconds SecSinceTooSlow;

// Define the pins for RX and TX

static const int RXPin = 8, TXPin = 9;

static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;

// Create a TinyGPS++ object

TinyGPSPlus gps;

// Create a SoftwareSerial object

SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin);

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200);

ss.begin(GPSBaud);

Serial.println(F("GPS Start"));

SecSinceTooSlow = 0;

pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {

// Read data from the GPS module

while (ss.available() > 0)

{

if (gps.encode(ss.read()))

{

displayInfo();

//update power switch state

if (!UpdatePowerCondition())

{

Serial.println("UpdatePowerCondition() returned FALSE - Powering OFF");

digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);

}

else

{

Serial.println("UpdatePowerCondition() returned TRUE - Powering ON");

digitalWrite(POWER_SWITCH_PIN, HIGH);

}

// Check if no GPS data is received

if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10)

{

Serial.println(F("No GPS detected: check wiring."));

while (true);

}

void displayInfo()

{

//Serial.print(F("Location: "));

//if (gps.location.isValid()) {

// Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);

// Serial.print(F(","));

// Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);

//}

//else

//{

// Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

//}

//11/10/25 gfp dropped 'Location', added 'Speed'

Serial.print(F("Speed: "));

if(gps.speed.isValid())

{

Serial.print(gps.speed.mph(), 3);

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

Serial.print(F(" Date/Time: "));

if (gps.date.isValid())

{

Serial.print(gps.date.month());

Serial.print(F("/"));

Serial.print(gps.date.day());

Serial.print(F("/"));

Serial.print(gps.date.year());

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

Serial.print(F(" "));

//if (gps.time.isValid())

//{

// if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.hour());

// Serial.print(F(":"));

// if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.minute());

// Serial.print(F(":"));

// if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.second());

// Serial.print(F("."));

// if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

// Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());

//}

//else {

// Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

//}

PrintTime();

Serial.println();

}

bool UpdatePowerCondition()

{

//Purpose: Determine if output power should be enabled or disabled

//Inputs: SecSinceTooSlow = UnsignedLong indicating sec since speed fell below threshold

//Outputs: False if speed < UpdatePowerCondition() AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN

// Otherwise True.

//Procedure:

// Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.

// Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

bool result = false; //default is to kill the power

//Step1: Get speed from GPS. If > threshold, reset SecSinceTooSlow to zero and return TRUE.

if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)

{

Serial.print("Power ON at: ");

PrintTime();

Serial.println();

Serial.print("Speed greater than threshold; Resetting SecSinceTooSlow from "); Serial.println(SecSinceTooSlow);

SecSinceTooSlow = 0; //reset elapsed time

result = true;

}

//Step2: If speed < threshold AND SecSinceTooSlow > threshold, return FALSE

if (gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH)

{

Serial.print("Speed below threshold at "); PrintTime(); Serial.print(" with SecSinceTooSlow = "); Serial.println(SecSinceTooSlow);

if (SecSinceTooSlow >= (unsigned long)(60 * MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN))

{

result = false;

}

else

{

result = true;

}

return result;

}

void PrintTime()

{

if (gps.time.isValid())

{

if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.hour());

Serial.print(F(":"));

if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.minute());

Serial.print(F(":"));

if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.second());

Serial.print(F("."));

if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));

Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());

}

else

{

Serial.print(F("INVALID"));

}

26 November 2025 Update:

Thinking about how to test my GPS-enabled power switch project, I decided to add a cheap LCD display so I could monitor GPS output and power switch status in real time. So, I reached into my parts box and what came out was a pair of ‘Cheap Yellow Display’ modules had been laying around for some time now. As I started working with the display, I realized it wasn’t just a display; the ESP32-2432S028R development board that runs the touch-sensitive display incorporates a ESP32-WROOM-32 module as its main microcontroller. This module features a dual-core Xtensa LX6 processor running at up to 240 MHz, 520 KB SRAM, 448 KB ROM, integrated Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) and Bluetooth (v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE), and 4 MB flash memory. In addition, the board has a standard micro-USB port for power and programming, a USB-C port for power, three 4-pin micro-JST 1.25mm pitch connectors for UART and GPIO, and a 2-pin micro-JST connector for a speaker. Looking at the specs, I realized I could conceivably eliminate the Sparkfun Pro Micro module entirely, and have just the display/CYD connected to the GPS via CN1 (4-pin GPIO/power/GND) and a single GPIO output (plus GND) to run the power switch.

A not-so-insignificant hitch in the getalong for this project was the type of connector required to interface to the sockets on the CYD. It turns out these are ‘micro JST 1.25mm’ connectors, and it took me three tries with Amazon to get the right ones. These are the correct ones.

I was able to easily connect the GPS input to CN1 and use the NMEA simulator to test the code, ported over from the Pro Micro project. However, I hit a roadblock when I went looking for a GPIO port to use as a switch signal to the power switch board; it turns out the display occupies most of the GPIO lines, and the two ports needed for GPS Txd & Rxd took the only remaining output-capable lines (IO35 is available, but it is input-only). Some more research with the help of Grok led me to this project site that describes how to free up ports via hardware mods. There I found directions for freeing up IO21, the port that normally controls display backlight brightness by PWM-ing the backlight LED. This involved removing a surface-mount transistor and re-orienting a TINY! surface-mount 3.9 Ω current-limiting resistor, as shown in the screenshot below:

As you might guess, this took some doing, as these parts are TINY!

But after a couple of false starts, I got it done:

The photo below shows the CYD module with GPS data displayed, and with my newly-liberated IO21 line connected to the power switch board (the illuminated red LED shows that the power switch is ON)

So now we are pretty close to being done; all that is left is to mount the display/controller into its box, mount both the display & power switch boxes onto their custom-printed carrier, and test the whole thing in my truck. The ‘final’ (to the extent that anything I do is actually final) code is shown below:

/*
    Name:       GrokGTU7_GPStoCYD.ino
    Created:	11/24/2025 4:25:32 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank
*/


#include <HardwareSerial.h>
#include <TinyGPSplus.h>
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>  // Or include <lvgl.h> if using LVGL
#include <ElapsedMillis.h>


#define GPS_RX_PIN 27  // CYD GPIO27 as RX (from GT-U7 TX)
#define GPS_TX_PIN 22  // CYD GPIO22 as TX (to GT-U7 RX)
#define DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN 21 //See https://github.com/hexeguitar/ESP32_TFT_PIO?tab=readme-ov-file#adding-psram
#define POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN 35 //directly manipulate POWER_SWITCH_PIN state for debug
#define GPS_BAUD 9600

#define MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA 600 //10 min
#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 10 //10 mph
#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC 300 //5 min
#define MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD 4 //4 satellites

//onboard RGB LED
#define PIN_LED_R 4   // Red - use for power OFF
#define PIN_LED_G 16  // Green - use for power ON
#define PIN_LED_B 17  // Blue  - unused


HardwareSerial gpsSerial(2);  // Use UART2
TinyGPSPlus gps;
TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();  // For basic display

const int labelX = 10;      // X position for labels
const int valueX = 160;     // X position for values (after label and "=")
const int startY = 10;      // Starting Y for first line
const int lineHeight = 20;  // Spacing between lines (text size 2 needs ~16-20px)
const int valueWidth = 150; // Width of value area to clear (estimate based on max chars)
const int valueHeight = lineHeight;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceTooSlow;
elapsedMillis MsecSinceLastGPSData;

int SecSinceTooSlow = 0;
int SecSinceGPSData = 0;
bool SwitchState = false; //power switch defaults to OFF

void setup() 
{
  Serial.begin(115200);  // For debugging
  gpsSerial.begin(GPS_BAUD, SERIAL_8N1, GPS_RX_PIN, GPS_TX_PIN);
  pinMode(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_R, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_G, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_B, OUTPUT);

  tft.init();
  tft.setRotation(3);  // Landscape
  tft.invertDisplay(1);  // Fix color inversion
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE);
  tft.setTextSize(2);

  // Draw static labels and "=" once
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY);
  tft.print("Time = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY +lineHeight);
  tft.print("Sats = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("Speed = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("SSTL = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("SGPSD = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("Avail = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("Power = ");

  // Initial values (optional; could be blanks or "N/A")
  updateValues(0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

//DEBUG!!
  //digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);
  //Serial.printf("POWER_SWITCH_PIN State = %d", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));
//DEBUG!!
  EnableDashCamPower(false);
}

void loop() 
{
  setLEDColor(LOW, HIGH, HIGH);  // Red ON no GPS data available
  //Serial.printf("In outer loop - LED should be RED\n");

  while (gpsSerial.available() > 0) 
  {
    if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read())) 
    {
      if (gps.location.isValid()) 
      {
        //Serial.printf("In 'valid' branch - LED should be GREEN\n");
        setLEDColor(HIGH, LOW, HIGH);  // Green ON - valie GPS data available

        updateValues(gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),
          gps.satellites.value(), gps.speed.mph(), SecSinceTooSlow, SecSinceGPSData,
          Serial1.available(), SwitchState);

        delay(1000);
      }
      else 
      {
        setLEDColor(HIGH, HIGH, LOW);  //BLUE - GPS data available, but no lock
        //Serial.printf("In 'else' branch - LED should be BLUE\n");
      }
    }

    UpdatePowerSwitchState();
  }

  delay(1000);  // Update every second
}

void updateValues(int hour, int min, int sec, int sats, float speed, int SecSinceTooSlow,
                  int SecSinceValidGPSData, int AvailChars, int SwitchState  ) 
{
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

  // Update Time
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);
  tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", hour, min, sec);

  // Update Satellites
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d", sats);

  // Update Speed
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2*lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2* lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%.1f mph", speed);

  // Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow/1000));

  // Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));

  // Update Characters Remaining
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());

  // Update Power Switch State
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

  int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);
  String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";
  tft.printf("%s", statestr);
}

void UpdatePowerSwitchState()
{
  //Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState()\n");
  //Purpose: Update power switch state 
  //Inputs: 
  // MsecSinceTooSlow = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since speed fell below threshold
  // MsecSinceLastData = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since last GPS data 
  // gps object methods/properties
  //Outputs:
  // Power OFF if GPS data has been missing for more than MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA
  // Power OFF if [speed < MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH OR numsats <=0] AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN
  //         Otherwise Power ON.
  //Procedure:
  //  Step1: If speed from GPS > threshold, reset MsecSinceTooSlow to zero and Set power to ON
  //  Step2: If (speed < threshold OR numsats < threshold) AND MsecSinceTooSlow > Set power to OFF

//DEBUG:
  //Serial.printf(UpdateTelemStr, gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),
  //  gps.speed.knots(), gps.satellites.value(), (unsigned long)MsecSinceTooSlow, (unsigned long)MsecSinceLastGPSData,
  //  Serial1.available(), digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF");
  //  Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState().  Speed = %2.1f, Sats = %d\n", gps.speed.mph(), gps.satellites.value());
//DEBUG:

  if (((int)MsecSinceLastGPSData /1000) > MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)
  {
//DEBUG:
    Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

    EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF
    return;
  }

  if ((gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH || (gps.satellites.value() < MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD))
    && ((int)MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000) > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)
  {
//DEBUG:
    Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

    EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF
    return;
  }

  if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && gps.satellites.value() >= MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD)
  {
    MsecSinceTooSlow = 0;
    MsecSinceLastGPSData = 0;

    //Serial.printf("DashCam Power Switch state = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

    if (digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == LOW)
    {
//DEBUG:
      Serial.printf("Powering ON at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

      EnableDashCamPower(true);//turn dashcam power ON
      return;
    }
  }
}

void EnableDashCamPower(bool enable)
{
  digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, enable);
}

// Helper function to set RGB states
void setLEDColor(int redState, int greenState, int blueState) {
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_R, redState);
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_G, greenState);
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_B, blueState);
}

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Name: GrokGTU7_GPStoCYD.ino

Created: 11/24/2025 4:25:32 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

#include <HardwareSerial.h>

#include <TinyGPSplus.h>

#include <TFT_eSPI.h> // Or include <lvgl.h> if using LVGL

#include <ElapsedMillis.h>

#define GPS_RX_PIN 27 // CYD GPIO27 as RX (from GT-U7 TX)

#define GPS_TX_PIN 22 // CYD GPIO22 as TX (to GT-U7 RX)

#define DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN 21 //See https://github.com/hexeguitar/ESP32_TFT_PIO?tab=readme-ov-file#adding-psram

#define POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN 35 //directly manipulate POWER_SWITCH_PIN state for debug

#define GPS_BAUD 9600

#define MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA 600 //10 min

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 10 //10 mph

#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC 300 //5 min

#define MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD 4 //4 satellites

//onboard RGB LED

#define PIN_LED_R 4 // Red - use for power OFF

#define PIN_LED_G 16 // Green - use for power ON

#define PIN_LED_B 17 // Blue - unused

HardwareSerial gpsSerial(2); // Use UART2

TinyGPSPlus gps;

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI(); // For basic display

const int labelX = 10; // X position for labels

const int valueX = 160; // X position for values (after label and "=")

const int startY = 10; // Starting Y for first line

const int lineHeight = 20; // Spacing between lines (text size 2 needs ~16-20px)

const int valueWidth = 150; // Width of value area to clear (estimate based on max chars)

const int valueHeight = lineHeight;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceTooSlow;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceLastGPSData;

int SecSinceTooSlow = 0;

int SecSinceGPSData = 0;

bool SwitchState = false; //power switch defaults to OFF

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200); // For debugging

gpsSerial.begin(GPS_BAUD, SERIAL_8N1, GPS_RX_PIN, GPS_TX_PIN);

pinMode(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);

pinMode(PIN_LED_R, OUTPUT);

pinMode(PIN_LED_G, OUTPUT);

pinMode(PIN_LED_B, OUTPUT);

tft.init();

tft.setRotation(3); // Landscape

tft.invertDisplay(1); // Fix color inversion

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE);

tft.setTextSize(2);

// Draw static labels and "=" once

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY);

tft.print("Time = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY +lineHeight);

tft.print("Sats = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);

tft.print("Speed = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);

tft.print("SSTL = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);

tft.print("SGPSD = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

tft.print("Avail = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

tft.print("Power = ");

// Initial values (optional; could be blanks or "N/A")

updateValues(0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

//DEBUG!!

//digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);

//Serial.printf("POWER_SWITCH_PIN State = %d", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

//DEBUG!!

EnableDashCamPower(false);

}

void loop()

{

setLEDColor(LOW, HIGH, HIGH); // Red ON no GPS data available

//Serial.printf("In outer loop - LED should be RED\n");

while (gpsSerial.available() > 0)

{

if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read()))

{

if (gps.location.isValid())

{

//Serial.printf("In 'valid' branch - LED should be GREEN\n");

setLEDColor(HIGH, LOW, HIGH); // Green ON - valie GPS data available

updateValues(gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),

gps.satellites.value(), gps.speed.mph(), SecSinceTooSlow, SecSinceGPSData,

Serial1.available(), SwitchState);

delay(1000);

}

else

{

setLEDColor(HIGH, HIGH, LOW); //BLUE - GPS data available, but no lock

//Serial.printf("In 'else' branch - LED should be BLUE\n");

}

UpdatePowerSwitchState();

}

delay(1000); // Update every second

}

void updateValues(int hour, int min, int sec, int sats, float speed, int SecSinceTooSlow,

int SecSinceValidGPSData, int AvailChars, int SwitchState )

{

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

// Update Time

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);

tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", hour, min, sec);

// Update Satellites

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d", sats);

// Update Speed

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2*lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2* lineHeight);

tft.printf("%.1f mph", speed);

// Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow/1000));

// Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));

// Update Characters Remaining

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());

// Update Power Switch State

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);

String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";

tft.printf("%s", statestr);

}

void UpdatePowerSwitchState()

{

//Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState()\n");

//Purpose: Update power switch state

//Inputs:

// MsecSinceTooSlow = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since speed fell below threshold

// MsecSinceLastData = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since last GPS data

// gps object methods/properties

//Outputs:

// Power OFF if GPS data has been missing for more than MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA

// Power OFF if [speed < MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH OR numsats <=0] AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TIME_THRESHOLD_MIN

// Otherwise Power ON.

//Procedure:

// Step1: If speed from GPS > threshold, reset MsecSinceTooSlow to zero and Set power to ON

// Step2: If (speed < threshold OR numsats < threshold) AND MsecSinceTooSlow > Set power to OFF

//DEBUG:

//Serial.printf(UpdateTelemStr, gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),

// gps.speed.knots(), gps.satellites.value(), (unsigned long)MsecSinceTooSlow, (unsigned long)MsecSinceLastGPSData,

// Serial1.available(), digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF");

// Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState(). Speed = %2.1f, Sats = %d\n", gps.speed.mph(), gps.satellites.value());

//DEBUG:

if (((int)MsecSinceLastGPSData /1000) > MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF

return;

}

if ((gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH || (gps.satellites.value() < MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD))

&& ((int)MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000) > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF

return;

}

if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && gps.satellites.value() >= MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD)

{

MsecSinceTooSlow = 0;

MsecSinceLastGPSData = 0;

//Serial.printf("DashCam Power Switch state = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

if (digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == LOW)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering ON at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(true);//turn dashcam power ON

return;

}

void EnableDashCamPower(bool enable)

{

digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, enable);

}

// Helper function to set RGB states

void setLEDColor(int redState, int greenState, int blueState) {

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_R, redState);

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_G, greenState);

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_B, blueState);

}

Here is a short video of the CYD display and power switch during a driving test in my local development loop. At the start of the video, the GPS module has already detected 8 sats (hard to see), so as soon as the computed speed goes over 5mph, the power switch changes from OFF to ON (red LED on the power switch and ‘ON’ on the CYD.

Unfortunately it was at this point that I discovered that the BUZ76A MOSFET power switch had too high of an Rds (around 4Ω) to actually turn on the camera -bummer!

Some discussion with Grok netted me a low-Rds MOSFET – the AOD424G AOD424 TO252 with Rds in the milli-Ohms. This has a pretty low Vds(max) of around 20V, but this is fine for my needs as it will only be switching 5V. Here’s the new schematic:

01 December 2025 Update:

As things are coming together on the electronics side, I took some time to investigate mounting options in my truck. After fiddling around a bit, I came up with the following possibility:

This would actually work out great, as the PETG plastic boxes wouldn’t be directly exposed to sunlight, and, the display would still be very visible to the driver, and it wouldn’t block vision to my time and temperature display at the top of the radio stack. As a huge bonus, it turns out there is enough slack in the USB power cable to the dash camera that I could plug it directly into the switch box (green in the photo above, if I changed out one of the USB type-C chassis connectors for a USB2/3 type. $7 for 5 connectors from Amazon – delivery in less than a week – yay!

Of course this means I need to change the box design, but that won’t take long.

08 December 2025 Update:

I got my new USB2 connector, and redesigned the box & lid to accommodate it, creating a conundrum in the process.

When I started wiring everything in, I realized I had created a big problem. If I ever wanted to remove the proto-board from the enclosure, I would have to unsolder all the wires to the USB connectors first – UGH!! I thought I could solve this problem by adding connectors in the lines to the USB connectors, but I hated that idea as it just adds complexity (“a connector is a source of trouble between two other sources of trouble”), so I put the whole thing aside to await a better solution. This morning while exercising it came to me – redesign the enclosure so the parting line between box and lid is right at the top edge of the connector modules. Then the proto-board and connectors can be lifted right out after removing the two proto-board mounting screws – genius! Only one small ‘gotcha’ the USB-C connectors will have to be flipped 180𝆩 so the PCB slot is on top rather than on the bottom. Since USB-C connectors are orientation insensitive anyway, this shouldn’t be an issue. Here’s a screenshot of the ‘final’ (as final as anything gets in my world) enclosure, with the connector cutouts moved to the top so removing the lid will allow the PCB – with the connectors still attached – to be lifted out.

Here are some photos of the ‘finished’ product:

After installing it in my truck, I made a couple of test runs around my little development’s circle, and it seems to be working great. Here are some photos showing the installation in my truck:

Here is the ‘finished’ version of the firmware:

/*
    Name:       GrokGTU7_GPStoCYD.ino
    Created:	11/24/2025 4:25:32 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank
*/


#include <HardwareSerial.h>
#include <TinyGPSplus.h>
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>  // Or include <lvgl.h> if using LVGL
#include <ElapsedMillis.h>


#define GPS_RX_PIN 27  // CYD GPIO27 as RX (from GT-U7 TX)
#define GPS_TX_PIN 22  // CYD GPIO22 as TX (to GT-U7 RX)
#define DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN 21 //See https://github.com/hexeguitar/ESP32_TFT_PIO?tab=readme-ov-file#adding-psram
#define POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN 35 //directly manipulate POWER_SWITCH_PIN state for debug
#define GPS_BAUD 9600

#define MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA 600 //10 min
#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 10 //10 mph
#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC 300 //5 min
#define MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD 4 //4 satellites

//onboard RGB LED
#define PIN_LED_R 4   // Red - use for power OFF
#define PIN_LED_G 16  // Green - use for power ON
#define PIN_LED_B 17  // Blue  - unused


HardwareSerial gpsSerial(2);  // Use UART2
TinyGPSPlus gps;
TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();  // For basic display

const int labelX = 10;      // X position for labels
const int valueX = 160;     // X position for values (after label and "=")
//const int startY = 10;      // Starting Y for first line
const int startY = 110;      // Starting Y for first line 12/10/25 moved down to avoid gearshift stalk
const int lineHeight = 20;  // Spacing between lines (text size 2 needs ~16-20px)
const int valueWidth = 150; // Width of value area to clear (estimate based on max chars)
const int valueHeight = lineHeight;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceTooSlow;
elapsedMillis MsecSinceLastGPSData;

int SecSinceTooSlow = 0;
int SecSinceGPSData = 0;
bool SwitchState = false; //power switch defaults to OFF

void setup() 
{
  Serial.begin(115200);  // For debugging
  gpsSerial.begin(GPS_BAUD, SERIAL_8N1, GPS_RX_PIN, GPS_TX_PIN);
  pinMode(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_R, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_G, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_LED_B, OUTPUT);

  tft.init();
  tft.setRotation(3);  // Landscape
  tft.invertDisplay(1);  // Fix color inversion
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE);
  tft.setTextSize(2);

  // Draw static labels and "=" once
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY);
  tft.print("Time = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY +lineHeight);
  tft.print("Sats = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("Speed = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("SSTooSlow = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("SSGPSD = ");
  //tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
  //tft.print("Avail = ");
  //tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);
  //tft.print("Power = ");
  tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
  tft.print("Power = ");

  // Initial values (optional; could be blanks or "N/A")
  //updateValues(0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
  EnableDashCamPower(false); //12/10/25 moved above updateValues() to display setup() value
  updateValues(); //12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally

//DEBUG!!
  //digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);
  //Serial.printf("POWER_SWITCH_PIN State = %d", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));
//DEBUG!!
}

void loop() 
{
  setLEDColor(LOW, HIGH, HIGH);  // Red ON no GPS data available
  //Serial.printf("In outer loop - LED should be RED\n");

  while (gpsSerial.available() > 0) 
  {
    if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read())) 
    {
      if (gps.location.isValid()) 
      {
        //Serial.printf("In 'valid' branch - LED should be GREEN\n");
        setLEDColor(HIGH, LOW, HIGH);  // Green ON - valie GPS data available

        //updateValues(gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),
        //  gps.satellites.value(), gps.speed.mph(), SecSinceTooSlow, SecSinceGPSData,
        //  Serial1.available(), SwitchState);
        updateValues(); //12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally

        delay(1000);
      }
      else 
      {
        setLEDColor(HIGH, HIGH, LOW);  //BLUE - GPS data available, but no lock
        //Serial.printf("In 'else' branch - LED should be BLUE\n");
      }
    }

    UpdatePowerSwitchState();
  }

  delay(1000);  // Update every second
}

//void updateValues(int hour, int min, int sec, int sats, float speed, int SecSinceTooSlow,
//                  int SecSinceValidGPSData, int AvailChars, int SwitchState  ) 
//{
//  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);
//
//  // Update Time
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);
//  tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", hour, min, sec);
//
//  // Update Satellites
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);
//  tft.printf("%d", sats);
//
//  // Update Speed
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2*lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2* lineHeight);
//  tft.printf("%.1f mph", speed);
//
//  // Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);
//  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow/1000));
//
//  // Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);
//  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));
//
//  // Update Characters Remaining
//  //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
//  //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
//  //tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());
//
//  // Update Power Switch State
//  //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
//  //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);
//  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
//  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
//
//  //int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);
//  String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";
//  tft.printf("%s", statestr);
//}

//12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally
void updateValues()
{
  tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

  // Update Time
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);
  tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

  // Update Satellites
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d", gps.satellites.value());

  // Update Speed
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%.1f mph", gps.speed.mph());

  // Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000));

  // Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);  // Clear value area
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);
  tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));

  // Update Characters Remaining
  //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);
  //tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());

  // Update Power Switch State
  //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);
  tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);
  tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

  //int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);
  String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";
  Serial.printf("In UpdateValues(), DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN = %d, statestr = %s\n", 
    digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN), statestr);
 tft.printf("%s", statestr);
}


void UpdatePowerSwitchState()
{
  //Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState()\n");
  //Purpose: Update power switch state 
  //Inputs: 
  // MsecSinceTooSlow = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since speed fell below threshold
  // MsecSinceLastData = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since last GPS data 
  // gps object methods/properties
  //Outputs:
  // Power OFF if GPS data has been missing for more than MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA
  // Power OFF if [speed < MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH OR numsats <=0] AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC
  //         Otherwise Power ON.
  //Procedure:
  //  Step1: If speed from GPS > threshold, reset MsecSinceTooSlow to zero and Set power to ON
  //  Step2: If (speed < threshold OR numsats < threshold) AND MsecSinceTooSlow > Set power to OFF

//DEBUG:
  //Serial.printf(UpdateTelemStr, gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),
  //  gps.speed.knots(), gps.satellites.value(), (unsigned long)MsecSinceTooSlow, (unsigned long)MsecSinceLastGPSData,
  //  Serial1.available(), digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF");
  //  Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState().  Speed = %2.1f, Sats = %d\n", gps.speed.mph(), gps.satellites.value());
//DEBUG:

  if (((int)MsecSinceLastGPSData /1000) > MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)
  {
//DEBUG:
    Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

    EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF
    return;
  }

  if ((gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH || (gps.satellites.value() < MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD))
    && ((int)MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000) > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)
  {
//DEBUG:
    Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

    EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF
    return;
  }

  if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && gps.satellites.value() >= MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD)
  {
    MsecSinceTooSlow = 0;
    MsecSinceLastGPSData = 0;

    //Serial.printf("DashCam Power Switch state = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

    if (digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == LOW)
    {
//DEBUG:
      Serial.printf("Powering ON at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());
//DEBUG:

      EnableDashCamPower(true);//turn dashcam power ON
      return;
    }
  }
}

void EnableDashCamPower(bool enable)
{
  digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, enable);
  Serial.printf("DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));
}

// Helper function to set RGB states
void setLEDColor(int redState, int greenState, int blueState) {
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_R, redState);
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_G, greenState);
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED_B, blueState);
}

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Name: GrokGTU7_GPStoCYD.ino

Created: 11/24/2025 4:25:32 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

#include <HardwareSerial.h>

#include <TinyGPSplus.h>

#include <TFT_eSPI.h> // Or include <lvgl.h> if using LVGL

#include <ElapsedMillis.h>

#define GPS_RX_PIN 27 // CYD GPIO27 as RX (from GT-U7 TX)

#define GPS_TX_PIN 22 // CYD GPIO22 as TX (to GT-U7 RX)

#define DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN 21 //See https://github.com/hexeguitar/ESP32_TFT_PIO?tab=readme-ov-file#adding-psram

#define POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN 35 //directly manipulate POWER_SWITCH_PIN state for debug

#define GPS_BAUD 9600

#define MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA 600 //10 min

#define MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH 10 //10 mph

#define MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC 300 //5 min

#define MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD 4 //4 satellites

//onboard RGB LED

#define PIN_LED_R 4 // Red - use for power OFF

#define PIN_LED_G 16 // Green - use for power ON

#define PIN_LED_B 17 // Blue - unused

HardwareSerial gpsSerial(2); // Use UART2

TinyGPSPlus gps;

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI(); // For basic display

const int labelX = 10; // X position for labels

const int valueX = 160; // X position for values (after label and "=")

//const int startY = 10; // Starting Y for first line

const int startY = 110; // Starting Y for first line 12/10/25 moved down to avoid gearshift stalk

const int lineHeight = 20; // Spacing between lines (text size 2 needs ~16-20px)

const int valueWidth = 150; // Width of value area to clear (estimate based on max chars)

const int valueHeight = lineHeight;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceTooSlow;

elapsedMillis MsecSinceLastGPSData;

int SecSinceTooSlow = 0;

int SecSinceGPSData = 0;

bool SwitchState = false; //power switch defaults to OFF

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(115200); // For debugging

gpsSerial.begin(GPS_BAUD, SERIAL_8N1, GPS_RX_PIN, GPS_TX_PIN);

pinMode(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);

pinMode(PIN_LED_R, OUTPUT);

pinMode(PIN_LED_G, OUTPUT);

pinMode(PIN_LED_B, OUTPUT);

tft.init();

tft.setRotation(3); // Landscape

tft.invertDisplay(1); // Fix color inversion

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE);

tft.setTextSize(2);

// Draw static labels and "=" once

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY);

tft.print("Time = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY +lineHeight);

tft.print("Sats = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);

tft.print("Speed = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);

tft.print("SSTooSlow = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);

tft.print("SSGPSD = ");

//tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

//tft.print("Avail = ");

//tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

//tft.print("Power = ");

tft.setCursor(labelX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

tft.print("Power = ");

// Initial values (optional; could be blanks or "N/A")

//updateValues(0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

EnableDashCamPower(false); //12/10/25 moved above updateValues() to display setup() value

updateValues(); //12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally

//DEBUG!!

//digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, LOW);

//Serial.printf("POWER_SWITCH_PIN State = %d", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

//DEBUG!!

}

void loop()

{

setLEDColor(LOW, HIGH, HIGH); // Red ON no GPS data available

//Serial.printf("In outer loop - LED should be RED\n");

while (gpsSerial.available() > 0)

{

if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read()))

{

if (gps.location.isValid())

{

//Serial.printf("In 'valid' branch - LED should be GREEN\n");

setLEDColor(HIGH, LOW, HIGH); // Green ON - valie GPS data available

//updateValues(gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),

// gps.satellites.value(), gps.speed.mph(), SecSinceTooSlow, SecSinceGPSData,

// Serial1.available(), SwitchState);

updateValues(); //12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally

delay(1000);

}

else

{

setLEDColor(HIGH, HIGH, LOW); //BLUE - GPS data available, but no lock

//Serial.printf("In 'else' branch - LED should be BLUE\n");

}

UpdatePowerSwitchState();

}

delay(1000); // Update every second

}

//void updateValues(int hour, int min, int sec, int sats, float speed, int SecSinceTooSlow,

// int SecSinceValidGPSData, int AvailChars, int SwitchState )

//{

// tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

// // Update Time

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);

// tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", hour, min, sec);

// // Update Satellites

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);

// tft.printf("%d", sats);

// // Update Speed

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2*lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2* lineHeight);

// tft.printf("%.1f mph", speed);

// // Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);

// tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow/1000));

// // Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);

// tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));

// // Update Characters Remaining

// //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

// //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

// //tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());

// // Update Power Switch State

// //tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

// //tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

// tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

// tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

// //int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);

// String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";

// tft.printf("%s", statestr);

//}

//12/10/25 now all value extraction done internally

void updateValues()

{

tft.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);

// Update Time

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY);

tft.printf("%d:%d:%d", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

// Update Satellites

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d", gps.satellites.value());

// Update Speed

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 2 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 2 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%.1f mph", gps.speed.mph());

// Update SSTL (Since Speed Too Low)

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 3 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000));

// Update SSGPSD (Seconds Since GPS Data)

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK); // Clear value area

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 4 * lineHeight);

tft.printf("%d Sec", (int)(MsecSinceLastGPSData / 1000));

// Update Characters Remaining

//tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

//tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

//tft.printf("%d char", Serial1.available());

// Update Power Switch State

//tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

//tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 6 * lineHeight);

tft.fillRect(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight, valueWidth, valueHeight, TFT_BLACK);

tft.setCursor(valueX, startY + 5 * lineHeight);

//int trigger_state = digitalRead(POWER_SWITCH_TRIGGER_PIN);

String statestr = digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF";

Serial.printf("In UpdateValues(), DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN = %d, statestr = %s\n",

digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN), statestr);

tft.printf("%s", statestr);

}

void UpdatePowerSwitchState()

{

//Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState()\n");

//Purpose: Update power switch state

//Inputs:

// MsecSinceTooSlow = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since speed fell below threshold

// MsecSinceLastData = Unsigned Long indicating Msec since last GPS data

// gps object methods/properties

//Outputs:

// Power OFF if GPS data has been missing for more than MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA

// Power OFF if [speed < MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH OR numsats <=0] AND elapsed time under speed threshold is > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC

// Otherwise Power ON.

//Procedure:

// Step1: If speed from GPS > threshold, reset MsecSinceTooSlow to zero and Set power to ON

// Step2: If (speed < threshold OR numsats < threshold) AND MsecSinceTooSlow > Set power to OFF

//DEBUG:

//Serial.printf(UpdateTelemStr, gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second(),

// gps.speed.knots(), gps.satellites.value(), (unsigned long)MsecSinceTooSlow, (unsigned long)MsecSinceLastGPSData,

// Serial1.available(), digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH ? "ON" : "OFF");

// Serial.printf("In UpdatePowerSwitchState(). Speed = %2.1f, Sats = %d\n", gps.speed.mph(), gps.satellites.value());

//DEBUG:

if (((int)MsecSinceLastGPSData /1000) > MAX_SEC_WITHOUT_GPS_DATA && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF

return;

}

if ((gps.speed.mph() < (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH || (gps.satellites.value() < MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD))

&& ((int)MsecSinceTooSlow / 1000) > MAX_TOO_SLOW_TIME_THRESHOLD_SEC && digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == HIGH)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering OFF at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(false);//turn dashcam power OFF

return;

}

if (gps.speed.mph() >= (double)MIN_SPEED_THRESHOLD_MPH && gps.satellites.value() >= MIN_NUM_SATELLITES_THRESHOLD)

{

MsecSinceTooSlow = 0;

MsecSinceLastGPSData = 0;

//Serial.printf("DashCam Power Switch state = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

if (digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN) == LOW)

{

//DEBUG:

Serial.printf("Powering ON at %02d:%02d:%02d\n", gps.time.hour(), gps.time.minute(), gps.time.second());

//DEBUG:

EnableDashCamPower(true);//turn dashcam power ON

return;

}

void EnableDashCamPower(bool enable)

{

digitalWrite(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN, enable);

Serial.printf("DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN = %d\n", digitalRead(DASHCAM_POWER_SWITCH_PIN));

}

// Helper function to set RGB states

void setLEDColor(int redState, int greenState, int blueState) {

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_R, redState);

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_G, greenState);

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_B, blueState);

}

15 December 2025 Update:

Now that things seem to be working, I’m trying to clean up the installation a bit. Here are some photos showing some of the current temporary installation details:

Overall installation layout, from power source to GPS antenna

I also took the opportunity to measure the current load with the display and switch box electronics powered, but with the dashcam OFF. This is important, as this load determines how long the battery will last in this configuration. I used my handy-dandy USB2 ‘Charger Doctor’ pass-through device that alternately displays output voltage and current. As shown in the following photo, the ‘OFF’ current draw is about 0.19A.

Showing current draw in the ‘dashcam OFF’ configuration. The meter shows 0.19A (190 mA).

The 12V car battery in this truck is a ‘DieHard’ AGM Technology battery as shown below:

So I asked Grok how long this battery would last with the dashcam OFF, but the display (and it’s imbedded MCU) still powered up with a 0.2A draw, and this is what I got back:

251215 Grok Re DieHard Battery Download

So almost a month – that sounds about right, and it means I wouldn’t have had a dead battery at 2 am when my wife and I got home from last summer after a week at the 2025 Senior Games in Des Moines, Iowa!

Just as a sidenote, I have a ‘premium’ subscription to X not because I think X posts are worthwhile, but because Grok *IS* worthwhile. As a long-time electrical engineer, I was familiar with the property of lead-acid batteries that extended the discharge time under very small loads compared to the normal A-Hr rating, but I had never heard of the ‘Peukert effect’, which allows for a much better estimate of discharge times for low loads. This took Grok about 30 seconds – what a *great* engineering assistant!

And, speaking of Grok, I also asked him (it?) for the name and purpose of the ‘cubbyhole’ I’m using as the mounting cavity for the dashcam switch project. Turns out this was probably originally intended for an ashtray, and then repurposed as the mounting cavity for a trailer brake module. And, he also came up with dimensions, which should allow me to design a cradle that will fit snugly in the hole and keep the dashcam electronics from sliding around. We’ll see!

17 December 2025 Update:

A couple of interesting things happened in the last two days. The first thing is I have been cursing at the maker of the SuperONE cigar-lighter automobile power adapter for providing a USB-C retractable cable that doesn’t deliver +5V to power my dashcam switch module.

Because of this, I gave the product a ‘1’ review and described my methodology in determining that the retractable USB-C cable just wasn’t providing +5V. This got the company’s attention, and they offered to send me a new one, free of charge. I said, ‘OK’ but if the new one doesn’t work either, then my review will be edited to say that. Well, the new one arrived, and the same thing happened – no +5V to my project box. However, this time I was smart enough to try plugging the cable into my BT headset, and voila – it started charging the headset! Hmm… After some back and forth with Grok I learned that a ‘Power Delivery’ (PD) device doesn’t deliver power to a connection until it is asked to do so. The BT headset did, my cheap USB-C chassis receptacle didn’t – oops! So, I wound up editing my review from a 1 to a 5 and explained why; I suspect that will make the SuperONE folks a lot happier ;). Also, I ordered a different USB-C receptacle – one that has the smarts to request power from the USB-C cable.

The second thing that happened is I’m trying to figure out how to mount my dashcam power switch project into the ashtray/trailer brake ‘cubbyhole’ (see the photos above). And because I have not only one – but two 3D printers it naturally involves 3D printed parts. I designed and printed a shape that fits nicely into the cavity, and then I’ll need to figure out exactly how the combined assembly can be fastened into the cavity in a way that can be removed easily, if necessary, but also won’t just fall out at the slightest provocation.

1;8 December 2025:

After getting the enclosure issues resolved, I turned my attention to the GPS module, which is kind of hanging around on the shelf above the central audio panel. I’d like to build a small enclosure just to hide it away, leaving only the small GPS antenna itself and the even smaller RF cable leading down to the GPS module visible.

22 December 2025 Update:

I received and installed the new PD-enabled USB-C module, and it went in OK, with the usual curse-words and adaptations:

I printed up a small right-angle adaptor to mate the holes on the USB-C module with the holes on the box, but I had to mount the module on the inside wall – I decided not to make a new box just for this issue. So now The PD-enabled retractable cable on the cigar-lighter adaptor delivers 5V to the module and life is good!

Here’s the ‘final’ installation (nothing is every really ‘final’ in the Paynter world)

23 January 2026 Update:

I’ve been using the DashCam power switch for about a month now, and it seems to be working great. A couple of weeks ago I modifed the ‘Too Slow’ and ‘No Data’ readouts to change the unit from ‘sec’ to ‘min’ and ‘hours’ as appropriate; trying to figure out what ‘83520 sec’ meant was too hard for my brain, so I changed the code so this number would read ‘23.2 hours’

I also noticed that when I drive into my earth-sheltered garage, I get some strange status display readings. The number of sats will go to zero, but the clock time will often stay running (and stay accurate). Also, since the clock is active, the speed value will actually start to climb (divide by-almost-zero?) and so the speed criteria for keeping the power ON will be met. I think the way to handle this is to have a separate block in the logic for sats < min_satellites to force everything but the ‘Too Slow’ and ‘No Data’ timers to show “n/a”

26 January 2026 Update:

The dashcam switch is working well, but I’m not happy with the physical installation. I thought I had a great idea by putting it into the space originally designed for an ashtray, but it turns out not to be such a hot idea. The gear selector lever blocks out a significant amount of the display in ‘D’, and looking down at the display (and peering around the gear shifter lever) isn’t great. So, I decided to ‘re-imagine’ the entire installation.

The original installation features separate boxes for the display and the switch, which wastes a LOT of space. Starting from a clean sheet, I laid out the the switch circuitry and GPS module on a plug board, as shown in the following photo.

Required hardware for complete GPS-to-CYD implementation.

As shown above, the power input (USB-C), power output (USB2), switch (AOD424 MOSFET) and GT-U7 GPS modules easily fit into the footprint of the CYD display. I should be able to put everything into one box with the footprint of the CYD and sufficient depth to accommodate the switch & GPS hardware

However, the display area where I want to install the new version of the dash cam features a deeply recessed display area, and a complex profile. So, I needed to somehow model the profile so the box design would work. As the following photos show I used a combination of ‘cut & try’ for the first rough estimate, and then a contour gauge to get an estimate of the rest of the profile.

Then I used my 3D printer magic to print out successive profile estimates until I got reasonably close to the actual profile. This then can be used for the actual box design. The following photo shows the progression from left to right.

After getting the profile reasonably close, I printed a prototype box by extruding out the profile a few tens of millimeters, and got this result:

After a few more iterations I printed a full-size box:

Here’s a photo showing the old and new installations:

The above photo shows the old and new installations. The new installation will actually move to the left a bit as shown below, as it will incorporate the GPS module internally.

This will still hide the truck’s clock display, but since the new unit will also display time, that’s not a loss of functionality.

The next step was to disassemble the old installation to reuse the parts:

As can be seen from the above photo, there is quite a bit of wasted space in the power switch box, and I also figured out that one of the two USB-C chassis-mount connectors can also be removed, as the power connection from the power-switch circuit to the display will be routed internally – no need for a separate USB-C cable. I breadboarded the power switch circuit again, this time with compactness in mind, and wound up with this:

and then transferred the parts to a small piece of DIY circuit board. Then the whole thing fits nicely into the new enclosure, as shown in the following photos:

After more than a few hours of frustration due to the lack of a reliable GPS signal in the house, I think I finally got everything running properly, and tested it on my subdivision loop:

Here’s the updated schematic, with a missing ground wire added and with signal/control GPIO numbers added:

Stay tuned,

Frank

ESP32-CAMs Distance Measurement Study

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Recently I have returned to working with WallE my autonomous wall-following robot, and I started thinking again about the issue it has with reflective surfaces. At the same time I ran across a post about using two ESP32-CAM modules for distance measurements, and I started to wonder if I could do something like that with WallE. I already have a visible red laser on the front, so maybe the two ESP32-CAM’s could use the laser ‘dot’ for distance measurements? Would this technique have the same problem with reflective surfaces?

I just happened to have two ESP32-CAM modules in my parts bin, so I thought I would give this idea a try and see how it goes. I know next to nothing about image processing in general and about the ESP32-CAM in particular, so if nothing else it will be a learning experience!

After a bit of web research, I got my Visual Studio/Visual Micro development environment configured for ESP32-CAM program development and for the ‘AI Thinkier EP32-CAM(esp32_esp32cam)’ target, and found a couple of examples that came with the newly-installed library. The first one I tried was the ‘CameraWebServer’ example (C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\Libraries\arduino-esp32-master\libraries\ESP32\examples\Camera\CameraWebServer\camera_pins.h), which turns the ESP32-CAM module into a webserver that can be accessed over the local network using any browser. The example provides for still images and real-time streaming – nice! However, I wasn’t interested in this capability, so after looking around a bit more I found an example that just takes still images and writes them to the SD card. I modified the code to convert the captured JPEG into BMP888 format so I could look at the individual color channels in isolation. I set the capture size to 128×128 pixels and capture a JPEG frame. The JPEG frame is just 2352 bytes, but the BMP888 conversion expands to 49206 bytes (128 x 128 x 3 = 49152, plus 48-byte header + 6 bytes at end, I think). Here’s the code at present:

// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode
// 
/*
    Name:       ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino
    Created:	1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

    This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card
    In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and 
    writes it out to the SD card as well.
*/

#include "esp_camera.h"
#include "Arduino.h"
#include "FS.h"                // SD Card ESP32
#include "SD_MMC.h"            // SD Card ESP32
#include "soc/soc.h"           // Disable brownour problems
#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h"  // Disable brownour problems
#include "driver/rtc_io.h"
#include <EEPROM.h>            // read and write from flash memory

// define the number of bytes you want to access
#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER
#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM     32
#define RESET_GPIO_NUM    -1
#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM      0
#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM     26
#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM     27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM       35
#define Y8_GPIO_NUM       34
#define Y7_GPIO_NUM       39
#define Y6_GPIO_NUM       36
#define Y5_GPIO_NUM       21
#define Y4_GPIO_NUM       19
#define Y3_GPIO_NUM       18
#define Y2_GPIO_NUM        5
#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM    25
#define HREF_GPIO_NUM     23
#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM     22

int pictureNumber = 0;

void setup() {
  WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

  Serial.begin(115200);

  Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

  camera_config_t config;
  config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
  config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
  config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
  config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
  config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

  if (psramFound()) {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA
    config.jpeg_quality = 10;
    config.fb_count = 2;
  }
  else {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
    config.jpeg_quality = 12;
    config.fb_count = 1;
  }

  // Init Camera
  esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
  if (err != ESP_OK) {
    Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
    return;
  }

  //Serial.println("Starting SD Card");
  if (!SD_MMC.begin()) {
    Serial.println("SD Card Mount Failed");
    return;
  }

  uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();
  if (cardType == CARD_NONE) {
    Serial.println("No SD Card attached");
    return;
  }

  camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;

  // Take Picture with Camera
  fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
  delay(500);//This is key to avoid an issue with the image being very dark and green. If needed adjust total delay time.
  fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
  Serial.printf("Image acquired: fb = %x fb_len = %d\n", fb, fb->len);

  //02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP
  uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects
  size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;
  bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);
  if (!converted) 
  {
    log_e("BMP Conversion failed");
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.printf("BMP Conversion succeeded with buf = %p, bmp_buf_len = %d\n", &bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len);
  }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++)
  {
      Serial.printf("%x\n", bmp_buf[i]);
  }

  //decode into r, g, b values

  //Serial.printf("row\tcol\red\t\blue\t\green");

  //for (size_t i = 0; i < fb->height; i++)
  //{
  //  for (size_t j = 0; j < fb->width; j++)
  //  {
  //    int16_t pixel = fb->buf[i*fb->width + j];
  //    int16_t red = ((pixel & 0xF800) >> 11);
  //    int16_t green = ((pixel & 0x07E0) >> 5);
  //    int16_t blue = (pixel & 0x001F);
  //    
  //    Serial.printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n", i, j, red, blue, green);
  //  }
  //}




  if (!fb) {
    Serial.println("Camera capture failed");
    return;
  }
  // initialize EEPROM with predefined size
  EEPROM.begin(EEPROM_SIZE);
  pictureNumber = EEPROM.read(0) + 1;

  // Path where new picture will be saved in SD Card
  String path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".jpg";

  //write JPEG file to SD card
  fs::FS& fs = SD_MMC;
  Serial.printf("Picture file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

  File file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);
  if (!file) {
    Serial.println("Failed to open file in writing mode");
  }
  else {
    file.write(fb->buf, fb->len); // payload (image), payload length
    Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());
    EEPROM.write(0, pictureNumber);
    EEPROM.commit();
  }
  file.close();
  esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

  //write BMP888 file to SD card
  path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".bmp";

  Serial.printf("BMP888 file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

  file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);
  if (!file) {
    Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 file in writing mode");
  }
  else {
    file.write(bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len); // payload (image), payload length
    Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());
  }
  file.close();

  // Turns off the ESP32-CAM white on-board LED (flash) connected to GPIO 4
  pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  rtc_gpio_hold_en(GPIO_NUM_4);
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
}

void loop() {

}

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// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode

Name: ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino

Created: 1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card

In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and

writes it out to the SD card as well.

#include "esp_camera.h"

#include "Arduino.h"

#include "FS.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "SD_MMC.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "soc/soc.h" // Disable brownour problems

#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h" // Disable brownour problems

#include "driver/rtc_io.h"

#include <EEPROM.h> // read and write from flash memory

// define the number of bytes you want to access

#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER

#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM 32

#define RESET_GPIO_NUM -1

#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM 0

#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM 26

#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM 27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM 35

#define Y8_GPIO_NUM 34

#define Y7_GPIO_NUM 39

#define Y6_GPIO_NUM 36

#define Y5_GPIO_NUM 21

#define Y4_GPIO_NUM 19

#define Y3_GPIO_NUM 18

#define Y2_GPIO_NUM 5

#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM 25

#define HREF_GPIO_NUM 23

#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM 22

int pictureNumber = 0;

void setup() {

WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

Serial.begin(115200);

Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

camera_config_t config;

config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;

config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;

config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;

config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

if (psramFound()) {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA

config.jpeg_quality = 10;

config.fb_count = 2;

}

else {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;

config.jpeg_quality = 12;

config.fb_count = 1;

}

// Init Camera

esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);

if (err != ESP_OK) {

Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);

return;

}

//Serial.println("Starting SD Card");

if (!SD_MMC.begin()) {

Serial.println("SD Card Mount Failed");

return;

}

uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();

if (cardType == CARD_NONE) {

Serial.println("No SD Card attached");

return;

}

camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;

// Take Picture with Camera

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

delay(500);//This is key to avoid an issue with the image being very dark and green. If needed adjust total delay time.

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

Serial.printf("Image acquired: fb = %x fb_len = %d\n", fb, fb->len);

//02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP

uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects

size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;

bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);

if (!converted)

{

log_e("BMP Conversion failed");

}

else

{

Serial.printf("BMP Conversion succeeded with buf = %p, bmp_buf_len = %d\n", &bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len);

}

for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{

Serial.printf("%x\n", bmp_buf[i]);

}

//decode into r, g, b values

//Serial.printf("row\tcol\red\t\blue\t\green");

//for (size_t i = 0; i < fb->height; i++)

//{

// for (size_t j = 0; j < fb->width; j++)

// {

// int16_t pixel = fb->buf[i*fb->width + j];

// int16_t red = ((pixel & 0xF800) >> 11);

// int16_t green = ((pixel & 0x07E0) >> 5);

// int16_t blue = (pixel & 0x001F);

// Serial.printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n", i, j, red, blue, green);

// }

//}

if (!fb) {

Serial.println("Camera capture failed");

return;

}

// initialize EEPROM with predefined size

EEPROM.begin(EEPROM_SIZE);

pictureNumber = EEPROM.read(0) + 1;

// Path where new picture will be saved in SD Card

String path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".jpg";

//write JPEG file to SD card

fs::FS& fs = SD_MMC;

Serial.printf("Picture file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

File file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);

if (!file) {

Serial.println("Failed to open file in writing mode");

}

else {

file.write(fb->buf, fb->len); // payload (image), payload length

Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());

EEPROM.write(0, pictureNumber);

EEPROM.commit();

}

file.close();

esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

//write BMP888 file to SD card

path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".bmp";

Serial.printf("BMP888 file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);

if (!file) {

Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 file in writing mode");

}

else {

file.write(bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len); // payload (image), payload length

Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());

}

file.close();

// Turns off the ESP32-CAM white on-board LED (flash) connected to GPIO 4

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);

rtc_gpio_hold_en(GPIO_NUM_4);

esp_deep_sleep_start();

}

void loop() {

}

and here are the JPEG and BMP888 versions of the 128×128 pixel image captured by the camera:

Then I copied Picture29.bmp to another file byte by byte, zeroing out the Green & Blue bytes so that only the red channel was non-zero. However, when I viewed the resulting file, I got the following image:

This doesn’t make any sense to me, unless the byte ordering in a BMP888 file is BGR or BRG instead of RGB. However, when I researched this on the web, all info I found indicated the byte order in an RGB888 file is indeed R, G, B. It’s a mystery!

Here’s the code that produced the above results:

// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode
// 
/*
    Name:       ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino
    Created:	1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

    This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card
    In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and 
    writes it out to the SD card as well.
*/

#include "esp_camera.h"
#include "Arduino.h"
#include "FS.h"                // SD Card ESP32
#include "SD_MMC.h"            // SD Card ESP32
#include "soc/soc.h"           // Disable brownour problems
#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h"  // Disable brownour problems
#include "driver/rtc_io.h"
#include <EEPROM.h>            // read and write from flash memory

// define the number of bytes you want to access
#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER
#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM     32
#define RESET_GPIO_NUM    -1
#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM      0
#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM     26
#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM     27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM       35
#define Y8_GPIO_NUM       34
#define Y7_GPIO_NUM       39
#define Y6_GPIO_NUM       36
#define Y5_GPIO_NUM       21
#define Y4_GPIO_NUM       19
#define Y3_GPIO_NUM       18
#define Y2_GPIO_NUM        5
#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM    25
#define HREF_GPIO_NUM     23
#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM     22

int pictureNumber = 0;

void setup() {
  WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

  Serial.begin(115200);

  Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

  camera_config_t config;
  config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
  config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
  config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
  config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
  config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

  if (psramFound()) {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA
    config.jpeg_quality = 10;
    config.fb_count = 2;
  }
  else {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
    config.jpeg_quality = 12;
    config.fb_count = 1;
  }

  // Init Camera
  esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
  if (err != ESP_OK) {
    Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
    return;
  }

  //Serial.println("Starting SD Card");
  if (!SD_MMC.begin()) {
    Serial.println("SD Card Mount Failed");
    return;
  }

  uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();
  if (cardType == CARD_NONE) {
    Serial.println("No SD Card attached");
    return;
  }

  camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;

  // Take Picture with Camera
  fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
  delay(500);//This is key to avoid an issue with the image being very dark and green. If needed adjust total delay time.
  fb = esp_camera_fb_get();
  Serial.printf("Image acquired: fb = %x fb_len = %d\n", fb, fb->len);

  //02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP
  uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects
  size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;
  bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);
  if (!converted) 
  {
    log_e("BMP Conversion failed");
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.printf("BMP Conversion succeeded with buf = %p, bmp_buf_len = %d\n", &bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len);
  }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++)
  {
      Serial.printf("bmp_buf[%d] = %x\n",i, bmp_buf[i]);
  }

  if (!fb) {
    Serial.println("Camera capture failed");
    return;
  }
  // initialize EEPROM with predefined size
  EEPROM.begin(EEPROM_SIZE);
  pictureNumber = EEPROM.read(0) + 1;

  // Path where new picture will be saved in SD Card
  String path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".jpg";

  //write JPEG file to SD card
  fs::FS& fs = SD_MMC;
  Serial.printf("Picture file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

  File file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);
  if (!file) {
    Serial.println("Failed to open file in writing mode");
  }
  else 
  {
    file.write(fb->buf, fb->len); // payload (image), payload length
    Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());
    EEPROM.write(0, pictureNumber);
    EEPROM.commit();
  }
  file.close();

  esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

//
//----------------------------------- write BMP888 file to SD card ----------------------
//
  path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".bmp";

  Serial.printf("BMP888 file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

  file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);
  if (!file) {
    Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 file in writing mode");
  }
  else 
  {
    file.write(bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len); // payload (image), payload length
    Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());
  }
  file.close();

//
//---------- Write out Red channel (with other bytes = 0) ----------------------
//

  uint8_t hdr_len = 54; 
  uint16_t image_len = hdr_len + 128 * 128 * 3; //49206
  path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + "_red" + ".bmp";

  Serial.printf("BMP888 Red channel file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

  file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);
  if (!file) 
  {
    Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 Red channel file in writing mode");
  }
  else 
  {
    file.write(bmp_buf, hdr_len); // write out header

    for (size_t i = hdr_len; i < bmp_buf_len; i+= 3)
    {
      file.write(bmp_buf[i]); // red channel
      file.write(0x0); // blue channel
      file.write(0x0); // green channel
    }
    Serial.printf("Saved BMP888 Red channel file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());
  }
  file.close();

//DEBUG!! Read Red channel data back into RAM and print out first 100 bytes
  uint8_t* red_buf = NULL;
  char temp;

  file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_READ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++)
  {
    temp = file.read();
    printf("red[%d] = %x\n",i, temp);
  }

  // Turns off the ESP32-CAM white on-board LED (flash) connected to GPIO 4
  pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  rtc_gpio_hold_en(GPIO_NUM_4);
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
}

void loop() {

}

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// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode

Name: ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino

Created: 1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card

In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and

writes it out to the SD card as well.

#include "esp_camera.h"

#include "Arduino.h"

#include "FS.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "SD_MMC.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "soc/soc.h" // Disable brownour problems

#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h" // Disable brownour problems

#include "driver/rtc_io.h"

#include <EEPROM.h> // read and write from flash memory

// define the number of bytes you want to access

#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER

#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM 32

#define RESET_GPIO_NUM -1

#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM 0

#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM 26

#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM 27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM 35

#define Y8_GPIO_NUM 34

#define Y7_GPIO_NUM 39

#define Y6_GPIO_NUM 36

#define Y5_GPIO_NUM 21

#define Y4_GPIO_NUM 19

#define Y3_GPIO_NUM 18

#define Y2_GPIO_NUM 5

#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM 25

#define HREF_GPIO_NUM 23

#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM 22

int pictureNumber = 0;

void setup() {

WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

Serial.begin(115200);

Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

camera_config_t config;

config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;

config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;

config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;

config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

if (psramFound()) {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA

config.jpeg_quality = 10;

config.fb_count = 2;

}

else {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;

config.jpeg_quality = 12;

config.fb_count = 1;

}

// Init Camera

esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);

if (err != ESP_OK) {

Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);

return;

}

//Serial.println("Starting SD Card");

if (!SD_MMC.begin()) {

Serial.println("SD Card Mount Failed");

return;

}

uint8_t cardType = SD_MMC.cardType();

if (cardType == CARD_NONE) {

Serial.println("No SD Card attached");

return;

}

camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;

// Take Picture with Camera

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

delay(500);//This is key to avoid an issue with the image being very dark and green. If needed adjust total delay time.

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

Serial.printf("Image acquired: fb = %x fb_len = %d\n", fb, fb->len);

//02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP

uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects

size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;

bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);

if (!converted)

{

log_e("BMP Conversion failed");

}

else

{

Serial.printf("BMP Conversion succeeded with buf = %p, bmp_buf_len = %d\n", &bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len);

}

for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++)

{

Serial.printf("bmp_buf[%d] = %x\n",i, bmp_buf[i]);

}

if (!fb) {

Serial.println("Camera capture failed");

return;

}

// initialize EEPROM with predefined size

EEPROM.begin(EEPROM_SIZE);

pictureNumber = EEPROM.read(0) + 1;

// Path where new picture will be saved in SD Card

String path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".jpg";

//write JPEG file to SD card

fs::FS& fs = SD_MMC;

Serial.printf("Picture file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

File file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);

if (!file) {

Serial.println("Failed to open file in writing mode");

}

else

{

file.write(fb->buf, fb->len); // payload (image), payload length

Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());

EEPROM.write(0, pictureNumber);

EEPROM.commit();

}

file.close();

esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

//----------------------------------- write BMP888 file to SD card ----------------------

path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + ".bmp";

Serial.printf("BMP888 file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);

if (!file) {

Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 file in writing mode");

}

else

{

file.write(bmp_buf, bmp_buf_len); // payload (image), payload length

Serial.printf("Saved file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());

}

file.close();

//---------- Write out Red channel (with other bytes = 0) ----------------------

uint8_t hdr_len = 54;

uint16_t image_len = hdr_len + 128 * 128 * 3; //49206

path = "/picture" + String(pictureNumber) + "_red" + ".bmp";

Serial.printf("BMP888 Red channel file name: %s\n", path.c_str());

file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_WRITE);

if (!file)

{

Serial.println("Failed to open BMP888 Red channel file in writing mode");

}

else

{

file.write(bmp_buf, hdr_len); // write out header

for (size_t i = hdr_len; i < bmp_buf_len; i+= 3)

{

file.write(bmp_buf[i]); // red channel

file.write(0x0); // blue channel

file.write(0x0); // green channel

}

Serial.printf("Saved BMP888 Red channel file to path: %s\n", path.c_str());

}

file.close();

//DEBUG!! Read Red channel data back into RAM and print out first 100 bytes

uint8_t* red_buf = NULL;

char temp;

file = fs.open(path.c_str(), FILE_READ);

for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++)

{

temp = file.read();

printf("red[%d] = %x\n",i, temp);

}

// Turns off the ESP32-CAM white on-board LED (flash) connected to GPIO 4

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);

rtc_gpio_hold_en(GPIO_NUM_4);

esp_deep_sleep_start();

}

void loop() {

}

I posted the ‘why is my red channel blue?’ question to StackOverflow, and got the following comment back from

I think your problem is with the reference that you found. ISTR the colour order for RGB888 24 bits per pixel BMP is actually Blue, Green, Red. So your all “red” image will indeed appear blue if you have it backwards. See Wiki BMP & DIB 24 bit per pixel. BTW you can get some funny effects converting all red or all blue images from JPEG to BMP since the effective resolution at source is compromised by the Bayer mask sampling.

Well, at least I’m not crazy – my ‘red’ channel WAS actually the ‘blue’ channel – yay! Per the wikipedia article, the actual byte order is “… blue, green and red (8 bits per each sample)”

17 February 2025 Update:

After figuring out the BGR sequence, I moved on to the idea of locating a red laser ‘dot’ on a black background; here’s the experimental setup:

Experimental setup for ‘red dot on black background’ test

And here is the 128×128 pixel image captured by the ESP32-CAM.

So now I needed to find the coordinates for the red dot in the black field. Rather than deal with the tedium of writing and debugging the search routine in Arduino, I decided to suck the image data into Excel, and write a VBA script to find the ‘dot’, as shown below:

Option Explicit

Option Base 1

Public Const PixWidth As Integer = 128
Public Const PixHeight As Integer = 128
Public Const HeaderLen As Integer = 54


Sub BinToHex()
    Dim ColumnNumber    As Long, _
        RowNumber       As Long, _
        Ndx             As Long, _
        handleNumber    As Long, _
        InBucket        As Variant, _
        FileToOpen      As String, _
        FileLen         As Long
        
 Dim xxxx As Integer
        
    'get the name of the binary file to open
    FileToOpen = Application.GetOpenFilename("Binary files (*.BMP),*.BMP")
    
    ' get the next handle number from windows
    handleNumber = FreeFile
    
    'open the file, read into a string
    Open FileToOpen For Binary As handleNumber
    FileLen = LOF(handleNumber)
    
    Debug.Print ("FileLen = " & FileLen)
    InBucket = input(FileLen, handleNumber)
    Close handleNumber
    
    RowNumber = 1
    ColumnNumber = 0

    ' for each byte of the string, convert to decimal integer value 0 - 256,
    ' convert the integer to hex
    
    For Ndx = HeaderLen To FileLen Step 3
        If Ndx > FileLen Then
            Stop
        End If
        ColumnNumber = ColumnNumber + 1
        Cells(RowNumber, ColumnNumber) = Val("&H" & Asc(Mid(InBucket, Ndx, 1)))
        If (ColumnNumber Mod PixWidth) = 0 Then
            RowNumber = RowNumber + 1
            ColumnNumber = 0
        End If
    Next Ndx
    
    'Set search range to cover entire 128x128 image space, and clear
    'out any color settings from previous runs
    Dim SrchRng As Range, mx As Double, rge As Range, fnd As Range, ColorRange As Range
    Set SrchRng = Range(Cells(1, 1), Cells(128, 128))
    SrchRng.Interior.Color = xlNone
    Debug.Print ("Search Range = " & SrchRng.Address(, , xlR1C1))
    
    'find the max value in the range
    mx = Application.WorksheetFunction.Max(SrchRng)
    Debug.Print ("max value = " & mx)
    
    'find the address of the max value
    Set fnd = SrchRng.Find(mx, LookIn:=xlValues)
    
    'if the max value was found, highlight it and the surrounding cells
    If Not fnd Is Nothing Then
        Debug.Print ("address of max value = " & fnd.Address(, , xlR1C1))
        
        Set ColorRange = Range(fnd.Offset(-1, -1), fnd.Offset(1, 1))
        
        Debug.Print ("ColorRange = " & ColorRange.Address(, , xlR1C1))
        ColorRange.Interior.Color = RGB(255, 0, 0)
    End If
    
  End Sub

Option Explicit

Option Base 1

Public Const PixWidth As Integer = 128

Public Const PixHeight As Integer = 128

Public Const HeaderLen As Integer = 54

Sub BinToHex()

Dim ColumnNumber As Long, _

RowNumber As Long, _

Ndx As Long, _

handleNumber As Long, _

InBucket As Variant, _

FileToOpen As String, _

FileLen As Long

Dim xxxx As Integer

'get the name of the binary file to open

FileToOpen = Application.GetOpenFilename("Binary files (*.BMP),*.BMP")

' get the next handle number from windows

handleNumber = FreeFile

'open the file, read into a string

Open FileToOpen For Binary As handleNumber

FileLen = LOF(handleNumber)

Debug.Print ("FileLen = " & FileLen)

InBucket = input(FileLen, handleNumber)

Close handleNumber

RowNumber = 1

ColumnNumber = 0

' for each byte of the string, convert to decimal integer value 0 - 256,

' convert the integer to hex

For Ndx = HeaderLen To FileLen Step 3

If Ndx > FileLen Then

Stop

End If

ColumnNumber = ColumnNumber + 1

Cells(RowNumber, ColumnNumber) = Val("&H" & Asc(Mid(InBucket, Ndx, 1)))

If (ColumnNumber Mod PixWidth) = 0 Then

RowNumber = RowNumber + 1

ColumnNumber = 0

End If

Next Ndx

'Set search range to cover entire 128x128 image space, and clear

'out any color settings from previous runs

Dim SrchRng As Range, mx As Double, rge As Range, fnd As Range, ColorRange As Range

Set SrchRng = Range(Cells(1, 1), Cells(128, 128))

SrchRng.Interior.Color = xlNone

Debug.Print ("Search Range = " & SrchRng.Address(, , xlR1C1))

'find the max value in the range

mx = Application.WorksheetFunction.Max(SrchRng)

Debug.Print ("max value = " & mx)

'find the address of the max value

Set fnd = SrchRng.Find(mx, LookIn:=xlValues)

'if the max value was found, highlight it and the surrounding cells

If Not fnd Is Nothing Then

Debug.Print ("address of max value = " & fnd.Address(, , xlR1C1))

Set ColorRange = Range(fnd.Offset(-1, -1), fnd.Offset(1, 1))

Debug.Print ("ColorRange = " & ColorRange.Address(, , xlR1C1))

ColorRange.Interior.Color = RGB(255, 0, 0)

End If

End Sub

This produced the following Excel spreadsheet (scale adjusted to show entire 128×128 pixel layout):

128×128 RGB pixel data with max value highlighted

For comparison purposes, I have repeated the ESP32-CAM image here:

So, it seems pretty clear that I can correctly extract pixel values from the ESP32-CAM image and find the laser dot – at least in this contrived experiment with a non-reflective black background. Also, it appears at first blush like the upper left-hand corner of the ESP32-CAM image corresponds to R1C1 in the Excel spreadsheet.

The next step is to move the ‘dot’ to a significantly different location on the target and see how that effects the location of the max value in the grid – we need this to determine the orientation of the Excel data relative to the image data; maybe I got lucky, and maybe not 😉

02 March 2025 Update:

After setting this project aside for a few weeks, I figured out how to get the ESP32-CAM system to repeatedly grab images, convert them to BMP, and find the maximum red pixel value in the scene. Here’s the code:

// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode
// 
/*
    Name:       ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino
    Created:	1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM
    Author:     FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

    This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card
    In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and 
    writes it out to the SD card as well.
*/

/*02/19/25 This branch modifies the program to make continuous image captures
  followed by max intensity spot search.  This will be used to find the extents
  of the image area
*/

#include "esp_camera.h"
#include "Arduino.h"
#include "FS.h"                // SD Card ESP32
#include "SD_MMC.h"            // SD Card ESP32
#include "soc/soc.h"           // Disable brownout problems
#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h"  // Disable brownout problems
#include "driver/rtc_io.h"
#include <EEPROM.h>            // read and write from flash memory
#include <elapsedMillis.h>

// define the number of bytes you want to access
#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER
#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM     32
#define RESET_GPIO_NUM    -1
#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM      0
#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM     26
#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM     27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM       35
#define Y8_GPIO_NUM       34
#define Y7_GPIO_NUM       39
#define Y6_GPIO_NUM       36
#define Y5_GPIO_NUM       21
#define Y4_GPIO_NUM       19
#define Y3_GPIO_NUM       18
#define Y2_GPIO_NUM        5
#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM    25
#define HREF_GPIO_NUM     23
#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM     22

int pictureNumber = 0;
camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;
elapsedMillis MsSinceStart;

const uint8_t hdr_len = 54;
const uint8_t rows = 128;
const uint8_t cols = 128;
const uint16_t bytes_per_pixel = 3;
const uint8_t offset_to_red_byte = 3;
const uint16_t bytes_per_row = bytes_per_pixel * cols;
const uint16_t image_len = hdr_len + rows * cols * bytes_per_pixel; //49206


void setup() 
{
  WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

  Serial.begin(115200);

  Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

  camera_config_t config;
  config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;
  config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;
  config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;
  config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;
  config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;
  config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

  if (psramFound()) {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA
    config.jpeg_quality = 10;
    config.fb_count = 2;
  }
  else {
    config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;
    config.jpeg_quality = 12;
    config.fb_count = 1;
  }

  // Init Camera
  esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);
  if (err != ESP_OK) {
    Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);
    return;
  }

  MsSinceStart = 0;
}

void loop() 
{
  // Take Picture with Camera
  fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

  if (!fb) 
  {
    Serial.println("Camera capture failed");
    return;
  }

  //02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP
  uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects
  size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;

  bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);
  if (!converted)
  {
    log_e("BMP Conversion failed");
  }
  else
  {

//
//---------- Find max value in image data ----------------------
//     Image data is stored in BGR sequence with a 54-byte header
//

    uint16_t max_val = 0;
    uint16_t max_row = 0;
    uint16_t max_col = 0;


    for (size_t row = 1; row < rows; row++)
    //for (size_t row = 1; row <= 3; row++)
    {
      for (size_t col = 1; col < cols; col++)
      {
        uint16_t pix_idx = hdr_len + (row-1)*rows + 3*(col-1) + offset_to_red_byte;

        char redval = bmp_buf[pix_idx];

        if (redval > max_val)
        {
          max_val = redval;
          max_row = row;
          max_col = col;
        }
      }
    }

    printf("%lu: max at row[%d], col[%d], max_val = %d\n", (unsigned long)MsSinceStart, max_row, max_col, max_val);

  }

  esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

  fb = NULL;

  delay(500);
}

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// Visual Micro is in vMicro>General>Tutorial Mode

Name: ESPCAM_SDCARD.ino

Created: 1/30/2025 8:59:52 PM

Author: FRANK_XPS_9530\Frank

This program captures a JPEG image from the camera and writes it out to the SD card

In addition it converts the JPEG image to BMP888 format (3x the size + header) and

writes it out to the SD card as well.

/*02/19/25 This branch modifies the program to make continuous image captures

followed by max intensity spot search. This will be used to find the extents

of the image area

#include "esp_camera.h"

#include "Arduino.h"

#include "FS.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "SD_MMC.h" // SD Card ESP32

#include "soc/soc.h" // Disable brownout problems

#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h" // Disable brownout problems

#include "driver/rtc_io.h"

#include <EEPROM.h> // read and write from flash memory

#include <elapsedMillis.h>

// define the number of bytes you want to access

#define EEPROM_SIZE 1

// Pin definition for CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER

#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM 32

#define RESET_GPIO_NUM -1

#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM 0

#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM 26

#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM 27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM 35

#define Y8_GPIO_NUM 34

#define Y7_GPIO_NUM 39

#define Y6_GPIO_NUM 36

#define Y5_GPIO_NUM 21

#define Y4_GPIO_NUM 19

#define Y3_GPIO_NUM 18

#define Y2_GPIO_NUM 5

#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM 25

#define HREF_GPIO_NUM 23

#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM 22

int pictureNumber = 0;

camera_fb_t* fb = NULL;

elapsedMillis MsSinceStart;

const uint8_t hdr_len = 54;

const uint8_t rows = 128;

const uint8_t cols = 128;

const uint16_t bytes_per_pixel = 3;

const uint8_t offset_to_red_byte = 3;

const uint16_t bytes_per_row = bytes_per_pixel * cols;

const uint16_t image_len = hdr_len + rows * cols * bytes_per_pixel; //49206

void setup()

{

WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0); //disable brownout detector

Serial.begin(115200);

Serial.println("Starting Setup()");

camera_config_t config;

config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;

config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;

config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;

config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

if (psramFound()) {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_128X128; // FRAMESIZE_ + QVGA|CIF|VGA|SVGA|XGA|SXGA|UXGA

config.jpeg_quality = 10;

config.fb_count = 2;

}

else {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;

config.jpeg_quality = 12;

config.fb_count = 1;

}

// Init Camera

esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);

if (err != ESP_OK) {

Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);

return;

}

MsSinceStart = 0;

}

void loop()

{

// Take Picture with Camera

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

if (!fb)

{

Serial.println("Camera capture failed");

return;

}

//02/01/25 per https://www.esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=17479 can convert JPG to BMP

uint8_t* bmp_buf = NULL; //pointer to buffer of uint8_t objects

size_t bmp_buf_len = 0;

bool converted = frame2bmp(fb, &bmp_buf, &bmp_buf_len);

if (!converted)

{

log_e("BMP Conversion failed");

}

else

{

//---------- Find max value in image data ----------------------

// Image data is stored in BGR sequence with a 54-byte header

uint16_t max_val = 0;

uint16_t max_row = 0;

uint16_t max_col = 0;

for (size_t row = 1; row < rows; row++)

//for (size_t row = 1; row <= 3; row++)

{

for (size_t col = 1; col < cols; col++)

{

uint16_t pix_idx = hdr_len + (row-1)*rows + 3*(col-1) + offset_to_red_byte;

char redval = bmp_buf[pix_idx];

if (redval > max_val)

{

max_val = redval;

max_row = row;

max_col = col;

}

printf("%lu: max at row[%d], col[%d], max_val = %d\n", (unsigned long)MsSinceStart, max_row, max_col, max_val);

}

esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

fb = NULL;

delay(500);

}

When I ran this code in the following experimental setup, I was able to roughly map the row/column layout of the image, as shown:

As shown, the (0,0) row/column location is the upper right-hand corner of the image, and (127,127) is located at the bottom left-hand corner. At the 20cm spacing shown, the image boundaries are about 85mm height x 100mm width.

The next step will be to mount two ESP32-CAM modules on some sort of a frame, with the laser mounted halfway between the two.

06 March 2025 Update:

As part of my evil plan to use two ESP32-CAM modules to optically measure the distance to a laser red dot, I needed the two modules to talk to each other. The ESP32-CAM modules don’t really have the same sorts of two-wire communications facilities as do the various Arduino and Teensy modules, but I discovered there is an ‘ESP-NOW’ feature that provides ‘packet’ communications between ESP32 modules using the wireless ethernet channel. I found this tutorial that explains the feature, along with demo code for determining the MAC for each unit and a separate program to demonstrate the technique. I modified the demo code to just repeatedly send a set of fake sensor values back and forth to demonstrate to my satisfaction that this technique would work for my intended application. Here’s the code:

/*
  Rui Santos & Sara Santos - Random Nerd Tutorials
  Complete project details at https://RandomNerdTutorials.com/esp-now-two-way-communication-esp32/
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files.
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*/
#include <esp_now.h>
#include <WiFi.h>

#include <Wire.h>
//#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
//#include <Adafruit_BME280.h>
//
//#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
//#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#include <elapsedMillis.h>


#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128  // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64  // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for an SSD1306 display connected to I2C (SDA, SCL pins)
//Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, -1);
//
//Adafruit_BME280 bme;

// REPLACE WITH THE MAC Address of the *other* device 
//uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF };
uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xb4, 0x8a, 0x0a, 0x98, 0xbb, 0xe0 };
//uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xa8, 0x42, 0xe3, 0x56, 0x9a, 0x8c };

// Define variables to store BME280 readings to be sent
float temperature;
float humidity;
float pressure;

// Define variables to store incoming readings
float incomingTemp;
float incomingHum;
float incomingPres;

// Variable to store if sending data was successful
String success;
char char_array[60];

elapsedMillis MsecSinceStart;

//Structure example to send data
//Must match the receiver structure
typedef struct struct_message {
  float temp;
  float hum;
  float pres;
} struct_message;

// Create a struct_message called BME280Readings to hold sensor readings
struct_message BME280Readings;

// Create a struct_message to hold incoming sensor readings
struct_message incomingReadings;

esp_now_peer_info_t peerInfo;

// Callback when data is sent
void OnDataSent(const uint8_t* mac_addr, esp_now_send_status_t status) {
  if (status == 0) {
    success = "Delivery Success :\)";
  }
  else {
    success = "Delivery Fail :\(";
  }

  int len = success.length();
  success.toCharArray(char_array, len+1);

  Serial.printf("\r\n%lu: Last Packet Send Status: %s\n", (unsigned long)MsecSinceStart, char_array);
}

// Callback when data is received
void OnDataRecv(const uint8_t* mac, const uint8_t* incomingData, int len) {
  memcpy(&incomingReadings, incomingData, sizeof(incomingReadings));
  Serial.printf("%lu: Received %d Bytes from remote device\n", (unsigned long)MsecSinceStart, len);

  incomingTemp = incomingReadings.temp;
  incomingHum = incomingReadings.hum;
  incomingPres = incomingReadings.pres;
}

void setup() {
  // Init Serial Monitor
  Serial.begin(115200);

  // Init BME280 sensor
  //bool status = bme.begin(0x76);
  //if (!status) {
  //  Serial.println("Could not find a valid BME280 sensor, check wiring!");
  //  while (1);
  //}

  //// Init OLED display
  //if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C)) {
  //  Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
  //  for (;;);
  //}

  // Set device as a Wi-Fi Station
  WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);

  // Init ESP-NOW
  if (esp_now_init() != ESP_OK) {
    Serial.println("Error initializing ESP-NOW");
    return;
  }

  // Once ESPNow is successfully Init, we will register for Send CB to
  // get the status of Trasnmitted packet
  esp_now_register_send_cb(OnDataSent);

  // Register peer
  memcpy(peerInfo.peer_addr, broadcastAddress, 6);
  peerInfo.channel = 0;
  peerInfo.encrypt = false;

  // Add peer        
  if (esp_now_add_peer(&peerInfo) != ESP_OK) {
    Serial.println("Failed to add peer");
    return;
  }
  // Register for a callback function that will be called when data is received
  esp_now_register_recv_cb(esp_now_recv_cb_t(OnDataRecv));

  MsecSinceStart = 0;
}

void loop() 
{
  getReadings();

  // Set values to send (fake values, but...)
  BME280Readings.temp = 40;
  BME280Readings.hum = 50;
  BME280Readings.pres = 60;

  // Send message via ESP-NOW
  esp_err_t result = esp_now_send(broadcastAddress, (uint8_t*)&BME280Readings, sizeof(BME280Readings));

  updateDisplay();
  delay(1000);
}

//unused for my application
void getReadings() 
{
  //temperature = bme.readTemperature();
  //humidity = bme.readHumidity();
  //pressure = (bme.readPressure() / 100.0F);
}

void updateDisplay() 
{
  // Display Readings in Serial Monitor
  Serial.println("INCOMING READINGS");
  Serial.print("Temperature: ");
  Serial.print(incomingReadings.temp);
  Serial.println(" ºC");
  Serial.print("Humidity: ");
  Serial.print(incomingReadings.hum);
  Serial.println(" %");
  Serial.print("Pressure: ");
  Serial.print(incomingReadings.pres);
  Serial.println(" hPa");
  Serial.println();
}

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Rui Santos & Sara Santos - Random Nerd Tutorials

Complete project details at https://RandomNerdTutorials.com/esp-now-two-way-communication-esp32/

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files.

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

#include <esp_now.h>

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <Wire.h>

//#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>

//#include <Adafruit_BME280.h>

//#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>

//#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#include <elapsedMillis.h>

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels

#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for an SSD1306 display connected to I2C (SDA, SCL pins)

//Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, -1);

//Adafruit_BME280 bme;

// REPLACE WITH THE MAC Address of the *other* device

//uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF };

uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xb4, 0x8a, 0x0a, 0x98, 0xbb, 0xe0 };

//uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = { 0xa8, 0x42, 0xe3, 0x56, 0x9a, 0x8c };

// Define variables to store BME280 readings to be sent

float temperature;

float humidity;

float pressure;

// Define variables to store incoming readings

float incomingTemp;

float incomingHum;

float incomingPres;

// Variable to store if sending data was successful

String success;

char char_array[60];

elapsedMillis MsecSinceStart;

//Structure example to send data

//Must match the receiver structure

typedef struct struct_message {

float temp;

float hum;

float pres;

} struct_message;

// Create a struct_message called BME280Readings to hold sensor readings

struct_message BME280Readings;

// Create a struct_message to hold incoming sensor readings

struct_message incomingReadings;

esp_now_peer_info_t peerInfo;

// Callback when data is sent

void OnDataSent(const uint8_t* mac_addr, esp_now_send_status_t status) {

if (status == 0) {

success = "Delivery Success :\)";

}

else {

success = "Delivery Fail :\(";

}

int len = success.length();

success.toCharArray(char_array, len+1);

Serial.printf("\r\n%lu: Last Packet Send Status: %s\n", (unsigned long)MsecSinceStart, char_array);

}

// Callback when data is received

void OnDataRecv(const uint8_t* mac, const uint8_t* incomingData, int len) {

memcpy(&incomingReadings, incomingData, sizeof(incomingReadings));

Serial.printf("%lu: Received %d Bytes from remote device\n", (unsigned long)MsecSinceStart, len);

incomingTemp = incomingReadings.temp;

incomingHum = incomingReadings.hum;

incomingPres = incomingReadings.pres;

}

void setup() {

// Init Serial Monitor

Serial.begin(115200);

// Init BME280 sensor

//bool status = bme.begin(0x76);

//if (!status) {

// Serial.println("Could not find a valid BME280 sensor, check wiring!");

// while (1);

//}

//// Init OLED display

//if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C)) {

// Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));

// for (;;);

//}

// Set device as a Wi-Fi Station

WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);

// Init ESP-NOW

if (esp_now_init() != ESP_OK) {

Serial.println("Error initializing ESP-NOW");

return;

}

// Once ESPNow is successfully Init, we will register for Send CB to

// get the status of Trasnmitted packet

esp_now_register_send_cb(OnDataSent);

// Register peer

memcpy(peerInfo.peer_addr, broadcastAddress, 6);

peerInfo.channel = 0;

peerInfo.encrypt = false;

// Add peer

if (esp_now_add_peer(&peerInfo) != ESP_OK) {

Serial.println("Failed to add peer");

return;

}

// Register for a callback function that will be called when data is received

esp_now_register_recv_cb(esp_now_recv_cb_t(OnDataRecv));

MsecSinceStart = 0;

}

void loop()

{

getReadings();

// Set values to send (fake values, but...)

BME280Readings.temp = 40;

BME280Readings.hum = 50;

BME280Readings.pres = 60;

// Send message via ESP-NOW

esp_err_t result = esp_now_send(broadcastAddress, (uint8_t*)&BME280Readings, sizeof(BME280Readings));

updateDisplay();

delay(1000);

}

//unused for my application

void getReadings()

{

//temperature = bme.readTemperature();

//humidity = bme.readHumidity();

//pressure = (bme.readPressure() / 100.0F);

}

void updateDisplay()

{

// Display Readings in Serial Monitor

Serial.println("INCOMING READINGS");

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(incomingReadings.temp);

Serial.println(" ºC");

Serial.print("Humidity: ");

Serial.print(incomingReadings.hum);

Serial.println(" %");

Serial.print("Pressure: ");

Serial.print(incomingReadings.pres);

Serial.println(" hPa");

Serial.println();

}

And here’s some typical output from the two ESP32-CAM units:

From one device:

14174003: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
14174682: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 40.00 �C
Humidity: 50.00 %
Pressure: 60.00 hPa


14175002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
14175682: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 40.00 �C
Humidity: 50.00 %
Pressure: 60.00 hPa


14176002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
14176685: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 40.00 �C
Humidity: 50.00 %
Pressure: 60.00 hPa

14174003: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

14174682: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 40.00 �C

Humidity: 50.00 %

Pressure: 60.00 hPa

14175002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

14175682: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 40.00 �C

Humidity: 50.00 %

Pressure: 60.00 hPa

14176002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

14176685: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 40.00 �C

Humidity: 50.00 %

Pressure: 60.00 hPa

From the other device:

13692002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
13692322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 10.00 �C
Humidity: 20.00 %
Pressure: 30.00 hPa


13693005: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
13693322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 10.00 �C
Humidity: 20.00 %
Pressure: 30.00 hPa


13694006: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)
13694322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device
INCOMING READINGS
Temperature: 10.00 �C
Humidity: 20.00 %
Pressure: 30.00 hPa

13692002: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

13692322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 10.00 �C

Humidity: 20.00 %

Pressure: 30.00 hPa

13693005: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

13693322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 10.00 �C

Humidity: 20.00 %

Pressure: 30.00 hPa

13694006: Last Packet Send Status: Delivery Success :)

13694322: Received 12 Bytes from remote device

INCOMING READINGS

Temperature: 10.00 �C

Humidity: 20.00 %

Pressure: 30.00 hPa

A couple of ‘user notes’ about this demo program and it’s application to two different devices:

The MAC address display program has to be run twice – once for each unit to get that all-important information.
The demo program also has to be run twice, but the MAC address used for each device is the address for the ‘other’ device.
As can be seen from the output, I simply used fake sensor data. However, I made sure to use different sets of values (10,20,30 on one and 20,40,60 on the other) so I could verify that the data was actually getting from one to the other.
The user must be careful to make sure the two devices are programmed correctly. I found it really easy to program the same device twice – once with the MAC & data for the other unit, and again with the MAC and data for the unit being programmed (which will not work). I wound up with clip-on labels on the two cables going to the two different devices, and then making sure the Visual Studio programming port was correct for the device I was programming. Doable, but not trivial.

21 March 2025 Update:

I broke a finger playing b-ball two days ago, so my typing speed and accuracy have suffered terribly; such is life I guess.

Since my last update I designed and printed a fixture to hold two ESP-CAM modules and a laser diode so I could run some distance experiments. Here’s a photo of the setup:

10 to 80cm distance setup. Note I’m using only one ESP-CAM module

I modified the firmware to simply print out the max value in the scene, along with the row/col coordinates for the max value. The firmware continues to save a red-only image as well. Here’s the hand-written results:

the numbers at the end of each measurement are the .bmp file suffixes (from picture_red58.bmp to picture_red87.bmp).

And here are the representative red-only photos (one per distance) for the selected measurement:

From the data and the photos, it is easy to see that the laser ‘dot’ doesn’t come into the view of the camera until the 20cm distance, and after 60cm the ‘dot’ is washed out by the normal overhead lighting. In between (20 – 60cm) the ‘dot’ can be seen to progress from the far left-hand edge of the scene toward the middle.

26 March 2025 Update:

I made another run, this time with two cameras, as shown in the following photos:

two ESP32-CAM modules mounted on the same frame, with red dot lase mounted on centerline

If my theory is correct, I should be able to see the location of the red dot move horizontally across the images, from left to right for the left cam, and right to left on the right cam. Unfortunately this wasn’t evident in the data. I loaded the above data into Excel and plotted it in various ways. The best I could come up with was to plot row & col locations from each camera vs distance, hoping to see a linear change in either the row or column values. The plots are shown below:

From the above plots, I could see no real progession in the row values, but if I used a lot of imagination I could sort of see a linear decrease in the column values for the left camera and a much less distinct linear increase in the column values for the right camera.

For completeness, I have included the actual camera images used to produce the above data:

Looking at all the above images, I can’t discern *any* real horizontal shift in the position of the red dot. In addition, at 70cm, the reflection of the laser dot off the table surface is just as bright as the reflection off the target, leading to frequent mis-identification of the maximum location.

Conclusion:

Well, this was a nice try and a fun project, but there’s no escaping the conclusion that this ain’t gonna work!

STM32 Firmware Debug Study

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Posted 10 November 2024

Last month I tried ‘Klipperizing’ my Flashforge Creator Pro 2 (FFCP2) IDEX 3D printer, and it was an unmitigated disaster. After uploading the Klipper firmware, the printer refused to boot up, and I eventually I had to buy and install a new motherboard to regain functionality. Since then I have discovered that my original motherboard seems to be undamaged, but I can’t get it to boot into the FFCP2 firmware.

So, I have embarked on a quest to figure out how to restore FFCP2 functionality to my original STM32-based FFCP2 motherboard.

I started on this journey with one of the ‘blue pill’ devices I happened to have in my parts drawer. They are generally based on the STM32F1 series, so hopefully not different enough from the STM32F407 to matter.

To start with, I connected up my laptop to the ‘blue pill’ board using a ST-LINK clone and was able to program it via VS2022/VsMicro with the ST-LINK upload option selected, as shown in the following screenshot (note – this was done with the ‘blue pill’ jumpers set as shown in this photo):

And here is part of the ‘verbose’ build output:

Program BluePill size: 12924 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (2.27 secs)
Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)
 
# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'
# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'
Uploader started for board Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)
Upload method will be: bootloader
Uploading via Bootloader 
Resetting to bootloader via Serial
Serial reset
Reset via USB Serial completed
c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\stlink_upload.bat "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"
STM32 ST-LINK CLI v3.3.0.0
	The upload process has finished.
STM32 ST-LINK Command Line Interface
ST-LINK SN: 0F0017000C2D363637365744
ST-LINK Firmware version: V2J37S7 (Need Update)
Connected via SWD.
SWD Frequency = 4000K.
Target voltage = 3.2 V
Connection mode: Normal
Reset mode: Software reset
Device ID: 0x410 
Device flash Size: 128 Kbytes
Device family: STM32F10xx Medium-density
Loading file...
Flash Programming:
  File : C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.ino.bin
  Address : 0x08000000
Memory programming...
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± 0%
 0%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 59%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 100%
Memory programmed in 0s and 610ms.
Programming Complete.
MCU Reset.
Application started.

Program BluePill size: 12924 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (2.27 secs)

Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)

# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'

# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'

Uploader started for board Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)

Upload method will be: bootloader

Uploading via Bootloader

Resetting to bootloader via Serial

Serial reset

Reset via USB Serial completed

c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\stlink_upload.bat "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"

STM32 ST-LINK CLI v3.3.0.0

The upload process has finished.

STM32 ST-LINK Command Line Interface

ST-LINK SN: 0F0017000C2D363637365744

ST-LINK Firmware version: V2J37S7 (Need Update)

Connected via SWD.

SWD Frequency = 4000K.

Target voltage = 3.2 V

Connection mode: Normal

Reset mode: Software reset

Device ID: 0x410

Device flash Size: 128 Kbytes

Device family: STM32F10xx Medium-density

Loading file...

Flash Programming:

File : C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.ino.bin

Address : 0x08000000

Memory programming...

±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± 0%

0%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 59%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 100%

Memory programmed in 0s and 610ms.

Programming Complete.

MCU Reset.

Application started.

I also tried some of the different upload modes advertised in the vMicro menu, as shown in the following conversation from the vMicro forum:

Thanks for the report, and that sounds like an interesting though difficult project.

STLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)
CPUTap Error seems to be due to the F1x expecting the IDCode "0x1ba01477" from the MCU, wheras the board is reporting "0x2ba01477" which is in the F2x configuration.  We will look at why this configuration isn't working, however as the STLiNK option works, it is best to continue with that currently.

STM32DuinoBootloader
The error suggests you don't have the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed, or it as not been added to the PATH Environment Variable in Windows.  Once installed correctly you should be able to open a command line and type "java --version", and it will display the version information for the JRE Installed.

I believe this uses a modified Maple DFU Bootloader, which can be found in the STM32Duino documentation below:
https://github.com/stm32duino/Arduino_Core_STM32/wiki/Upload-methods#maple-dfu-b...

Serial
This requires the bootloader to be flashed to the Bluepill which supports Serial Upload.  Instructions are linked on the "Bootloader" tab on the below page:
https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STMicroelectronics-STM32-Overview.aspx

Thanks for the report, and that sounds like an interesting though difficult project.

STLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)

CPUTap Error seems to be due to the F1x expecting the IDCode "0x1ba01477" from the MCU, wheras the board is reporting "0x2ba01477" which is in the F2x configuration. We will look at why this configuration isn't working, however as the STLiNK option works, it is best to continue with that currently.

STM32DuinoBootloader

The error suggests you don't have the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed, or it as not been added to the PATH Environment Variable in Windows. Once installed correctly you should be able to open a command line and type "java --version", and it will display the version information for the JRE Installed.

I believe this uses a modified Maple DFU Bootloader, which can be found in the STM32Duino documentation below:

https://github.com/stm32duino/Arduino_Core_STM32/wiki/Upload-methods#maple-dfu-b...

Serial

This requires the bootloader to be flashed to the Bluepill which supports Serial Upload. Instructions are linked on the "Bootloader" tab on the below page:

https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STMicroelectronics-STM32-Overview.aspx

After receiving this input, I installed the JRE, confirmed it was actually there, and then tried the ‘STM32DuinoBootloader’ option again using the USB connector. It still failed, with the output shown below:

Board Properties

name=Generic STM32F103C series
vid.0=0x1EAF
pid.0=0x0004
build.variant=generic_stm32f103c
build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8002000
build.core=maple
build.board=GENERIC_STM32F103C
build.error_led_port=GPIOC
build.error_led_pin=13
upload.use_1200bps_touch=false
upload.file_type=bin
upload.auto_reset=true
upload.tool=maple_upload
upload.protocol=maple_dfu
menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8=STM32F103C8 (20k RAM. 64k Flash)
menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103C8
menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.build.ldscript=ld/jtag_c8.ld
menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.upload.maximum_size=65536
menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.upload.maximum_data_size=20480
menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB=STM32F103CB (20k RAM. 128k Flash)
menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103CB
menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.build.ldscript=ld/jtag.ld
menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.upload.maximum_size=131072
menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.upload.maximum_data_size=20480
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod=STM32duino bootloader
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.protocol=maple_dfu
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.tool=maple_upload
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8002000
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.ldscript=ld/bootloader_20.ld
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.usbID=1EAF:0003
menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.altID=2
menu.upload_method.serialMethod=Serial
menu.upload_method.serialMethod.upload.protocol=maple_serial
menu.upload_method.serialMethod.upload.tool=serial_upload
menu.upload_method.serialMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG
menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod=STLink
menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.upload.protocol=STLink
menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.upload.tool=stlink_upload
menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG=1 -DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER
menu.upload_method.BMPMethod=BMP (Black Magic Probe)
menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.upload.protocol=gdb_bmp
menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.upload.tool=bmp_upload
menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG
menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod=JLink
menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.upload.protocol=jlink
menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.upload.tool=jlink_upload
menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG=1 -DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER
menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod=HID bootloader 2.0
menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.upload.tool=hid_upload
menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER
menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8001000
menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.ldscript=ld/hid_bootloader.ld
menu.cpu_speed.speed_72mhz=72Mhz (Normal)
menu.cpu_speed.speed_72mhz.build.f_cpu=72000000L
menu.cpu_speed.speed_48mhz=48Mhz (Slow - with USB)
menu.cpu_speed.speed_48mhz.build.f_cpu=48000000L
menu.cpu_speed.speed_128mhz=Overclocked 128Mhz NO USB SERIAL. MANUAL RESET NEEDED TO UPLOAD
menu.cpu_speed.speed_128mhz.build.f_cpu=128000000L
menu.opt.osstd=Smallest (default)
menu.opt.o1std=Fast (-O1)
menu.opt.o1std.build.flags.optimize=-O1
menu.opt.o1std.build.flags.ldspecs=
menu.opt.o2std=Faster (-O2)
menu.opt.o2std.build.flags.optimize=-O2
menu.opt.o2std.build.flags.ldspecs=
menu.opt.o3std=Fastest (-O3)
menu.opt.o3std.build.flags.optimize=-O3
menu.opt.o3std.build.flags.ldspecs=
menu.opt.ogstd=Debug (-g)
menu.opt.ogstd.build.flags.optimize=-Og
menu.opt.ogstd.build.flags.ldspecs=
vm.debug.class_type=VM_DBT_USBSERIAL
vm.debug.main_port_name=Serial
tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg
menu.upload_method.f2232h=F2232H Dual RS232 + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.f2232h.upload.tool=ftdiocd
menu.upload_method.f2232h.upload.openocddebugger=ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg
menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h=F2232H Single RS232 + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h.upload.tool=ftdiocd
menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h.upload.openocddebugger=ftdi/um232h.cfg
menu.upload_method.ft2232mm=JLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.ft2232mm.upload.tool=jlinkocd
menu.upload_method.ft2232mm.upload.openocddebugger=jlink.cfg
menu.upload_method.stlinkv2=STLink v2 + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.stlinkv2.upload.tool=openocd
menu.upload_method.stlinkv2.upload.openocddebugger=stlink.cfg
menu.upload_method.stlinkv21=STLink v2.1 + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.stlinkv21.upload.tool=openocd
menu.upload_method.stlinkv21.upload.openocddebugger=stlink.cfg
menu.upload_method.bmp=Black Magic + GDB (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.bmp.upload.tool=vmbmp
menu.upload_method.bmp.upload.openocddebugger=
menu.upload_method.daplink=DAPLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)
menu.upload_method.daplink.upload.tool=daplink
runtime.ide.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\ide
runtime.os=windows
build.system.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\system
runtime.ide.version=108010
target_package=stm32duino
target_platform=STM32F1
runtime.hardware.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1
originalid=genericSTM32F103C
_id=genericSTM32F103C
intellisense.tools.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}
intellisense.include.paths={runtime.tools.CMSIS.path}/CMSIS/Core/Include/;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\tr1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\sys;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\arm-none-eabi\bits; {intellisense.tools.path}\lib\gcc\arm-none-eabi\9.2.1\include;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\tr1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\arm-none-eabi\bits;{intellisense.tools.path}\lib\gcc\arm-none-eabi\4.8.3\include;{vm.intellisense.add-paths}
upload.8dot3=false
tools.gdb.pre_init.tool=openocd
tools.gdb.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.gdb.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.gdb.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" -interpreter=mi -d "{build.project_path}"
tools.gdb.openocd.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.gdb.openocd.path={runtime.vm.ide.tools.openocd.path}
tools.gdb.openocd.params.verbose=-d2
tools.gdb.openocd.params.quiet=-d0
tools.gdb.openocd.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" -l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}" -s "{path}/scripts/" -f "{path}/scripts/{build.openocdscript}"
tools.openocd.debug.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.openocd.debug.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.openocd.debug.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.openocd.debug.params.verbose=-d2
tools.openocd.debug.params.quiet=-d0
tools.openocd.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.openocd.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.openocd.debug.args={params.verbose} -l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}" -s"{path}/scripts/" -f "{path}/scripts/interface/{build.openocddebugger}" -f "{path}/scripts/{build.openocdscript}" {initCmd}
tools.openocd.debug.address=localhost:3333
tools.bmp_upload.debug.args=-nh -b 115200 -ex "target extended-remote \.\{serial.debug.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1"
tools.f2232h.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
tools.f2232mm.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
tools.jlink.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.targetCmd=-f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
tools.stlinkv2.debug.args=-ex "flushregs" -ex "continue"
tools.daplink.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"
debug_menu.hwdebugger.bmp=Black Magic (External)
debug_menu.hwdebugger.bmp.debug.tool=bmp_upload
meta_bmp.sentence=This debugger requires the 20-pin ribbon cable to link to your target, see connections below
meta_bmp.comment=Ensure the COM Port for the Black Magic is selected before attaching the Debugger. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_bmp.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-BMP-Connections.png
meta_bmp.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-BMP-VSOnly.png
meta_bmp.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232h=F2232H Dual RS232
debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232h.debug.tool=f2232h
meta_f2232h.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board
meta_f2232h.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_f2232h.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-FT2232H-Connections.png
meta_f2232h.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.cjmcuf2232h=F2232H Single RS232
debug_menu.hwdebugger.cjmcuf2232h.debug.tool=cjmcuf2232h
meta_cjmcuf2232h.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board
meta_cjmcuf2232h.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_cjmcuf2232h.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-CJMCU2232H-Connections.png
meta_cjmcuf2232h.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232mm=F2232 MiniModule
debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232mm.debug.tool=f2232mm
meta_f2232mm.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to allow it to function, and connect to your target STM32 board
meta_f2232mm.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_f2232mm.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-FT2232MM-Connections.png
meta_f2232mm.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-FT2232MM-VSOnly.png
meta_f2232mm.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.jlink=Segger J-Link
debug_menu.hwdebugger.jlink.debug.tool=jlink
meta_jlink.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board
meta_jlink.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_jlink.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-Jlink-Connections.png
meta_jlink.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STM32-Jlink-VSOnly.png
meta_jlink.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv21=STLink v2.1 (Onboard)
debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv21.debug.tool=stlinkv2
meta_stlinkv21.sentence=This debugger is built onto the board, and requires both jumpers to be present on the STLINK/Board header
meta_stlinkv21.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_stlinkv21.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STlinkBuiltIn-Connections.png
meta_stlinkv21.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-STlinkBuiltIn-VSOnly.png
meta_stlinkv21.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv2=STLink v2 (External)
debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv2.debug.tool=stlinkv2
meta_stlinkv2.sentence=This debugger requires the 20-pin ribbon cable to link to your target.
meta_stlinkv2.comment=Further info can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_stlinkv2.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STlink-Connections.png
meta_stlinkv2.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-STlink-VSOnly.png
meta_stlinkv2.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
debug_menu.hwdebugger.daplink=DAPLink
debug_menu.hwdebugger.daplink.debug.tool=daplink
meta_daplink.sentence=This debugger additional wiring to link to your target, see links below
meta_daplink.comment=Optionally set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)
meta_daplink.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-DAPLink-Connections.png
meta_daplink.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-DAPLink-VSOnly.png
meta_daplink.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx
tools.openocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.openocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.openocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.openocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.openocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.openocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.openocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"
tools.openocd.upload.extra_params=
tools.openocd.upload.protocol=
tools.openocd.protocol=
tools.openocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg
tools.jlinkocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.jlinkocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.jlinkocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlinkocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlinkocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.jlinkocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.jlinkocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}" -c "transport select swd" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"
tools.jlinkocd.upload.extra_params=
tools.jlinkocd.upload.protocol=
tools.jlinkocd.protocol=
tools.jlinkocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg
tools.ftdiocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.ftdiocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.ftdiocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.ftdiocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.ftdiocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.ftdiocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.ftdiocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}"  -c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"
tools.ftdiocd.upload.extra_params=
tools.ftdiocd.upload.protocol=
tools.ftdiocd.protocol=
tools.ftdiocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg
tools.vmbmp.upload.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.vmbmp.upload.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.vmbmp.upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}
tools.vmbmp.upload.pattern={upload.path}/{upload.cmd} -nx -b 230400 -batch -ex "set confirm off" -ex "target extended-remote \.\{serial.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1" -ex "load" -ex "compare-sections" -ex "kill" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" -ex "kill"
tools.daplink.upload.programCmd=-c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"
tools.daplink.upload.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.upload.openocdscript}"
version=0.1.2
compiler.warning_flags=-w -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE
compiler.warning_flags.none=-w -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE
compiler.warning_flags.default=-DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE
compiler.warning_flags.more=-Wall -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_FAULT
compiler.warning_flags.all=-Wall -Wextra -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_ALL
compiler.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/
compiler.c.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gcc
compiler.c.flags=-c -g {build.flags.optimize} {compiler.warning_flags} -std=gnu11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -nostdlib --param max-inline-insns-single=500 -DBOARD_{build.variant} -D{build.vect} -DERROR_LED_PORT={build.error_led_port} -DERROR_LED_PIN={build.error_led_pin}
compiler.c.elf.cmd=arm-none-eabi-g++
compiler.c.elf.flags={build.flags.optimize} -Wl,--gc-sections {build.flags.ldspecs}
compiler.S.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gcc
compiler.S.flags=-c -g -x assembler-with-cpp -MMD
compiler.cpp.cmd=arm-none-eabi-g++
compiler.cpp.flags=-c -g {build.flags.optimize} {compiler.warning_flags} -std=gnu++11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -nostdlib --param max-inline-insns-single=500 -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -fno-use-cxa-atexit -DBOARD_{build.variant} -D{build.vect} -DERROR_LED_PORT={build.error_led_port} -DERROR_LED_PIN={build.error_led_pin}
compiler.ar.cmd=arm-none-eabi-ar
compiler.ar.flags=rcs
compiler.objcopy.cmd=arm-none-eabi-objcopy
compiler.objcopy.eep.flags=-O ihex -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom=alloc,load --no-change-warnings --change-section-lma .eeprom=0
compiler.elf2hex.flags=-O binary
compiler.elf2hex.cmd=arm-none-eabi-objcopy
compiler.ldflags={build.flags.ldspecs}
compiler.size.cmd=arm-none-eabi-size
compiler.define=-DARDUINO=
build.f_cpu=72000000L
build.mcu=cortex-m3
build.common_flags=-mthumb -march=armv7-m -D__STM32F1__
build.variant_system_lib=libmaple.a
build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103C8
build.hs_flag=
build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER
build.flags.optimize=-Os
build.flags.ldspecs=--specs=nano.specs
build.extra_flags={build.upload_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags}
compiler.c.extra_flags=
compiler.c.elf.extra_flags="-L{build.variant.path}/ld"
compiler.cpp.extra_flags=
compiler.S.extra_flags=
compiler.ar.extra_flags=
compiler.elf2hex.extra_flags=
compiler.libs.c.flags="-I{build.system.path}/libmaple" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/include" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/stm32f1/include" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/usb/stm32f1" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/usb/usb_lib"
recipe.c.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.cmd}" {compiler.c.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.c.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"
recipe.cpp.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.cpp.cmd}" {compiler.cpp.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.cpp.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"
recipe.S.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.cmd}" {compiler.S.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.S.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"
recipe.ar.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.ar.cmd}" {compiler.ar.flags} {compiler.ar.extra_flags} "{archive_file_path}" "{object_file}"
recipe.c.combine.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.elf.cmd}" {compiler.c.elf.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} "-T{build.variant.path}/{build.ldscript}" "-Wl,-Map,{build.path}/{build.project_name}.map" {compiler.c.elf.extra_flags} -o "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" "-L{build.path}" -lm -lgcc -mthumb -Wl,--cref -Wl,--check-sections -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=report-all -Wl,--warn-common -Wl,--warn-section-align -Wl,--warn-unresolved-symbols -Wl,--start-group {object_files} "{archive_file_path}" -Wl,--end-group
recipe.objcopy.eep.pattern=
recipe.objcopy.hex.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.elf2hex.cmd}" {compiler.elf2hex.flags} {compiler.elf2hex.extra_flags} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"
recipe.size.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.size.cmd}" -A "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf"
recipe.size.regex=^(?:\.text|\.data|\.rodata|\.text.align|\.ARM.exidx)\s+([0-9]+).*
recipe.size.regex.data=^(?:\.data|\.bss|\.noinit)\s+([0-9]+).*
recipe.output.tmp_file={build.project_name}.bin
recipe.output.save_file={build.project_name}.{build.variant}.bin
tools.maple_upload.cmd=maple_upload.bat
tools.maple_upload.cmd.windows=maple_upload.bat
tools.maple_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
tools.maple_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx
tools.maple_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.maple_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.maple_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d
tools.maple_upload.upload.params.quiet=
tools.maple_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {serial.port.file} {upload.altID} {upload.usbID} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin" "{runtime.ide.path}"
tools.serial_upload.cmd=serial_upload.bat
tools.serial_upload.cmd.windows=serial_upload.bat
tools.serial_upload.cmd.macosx=serial_upload
tools.serial_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
tools.serial_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx
tools.serial_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.serial_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.serial_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d
tools.serial_upload.upload.params.quiet=n
tools.serial_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {serial.port.file} {upload.altID} {upload.usbID} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"
tools.stlink_upload.cmd=stlink_upload.bat
tools.stlink_upload.cmd.windows=stlink_upload.bat
tools.stlink_upload.path.windows={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
tools.stlink_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx
tools.stlink_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.stlink_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.stlink_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d
tools.stlink_upload.upload.params.quiet=
tools.stlink_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"  "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"
tools.bmp_upload.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb
tools.bmp_upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/
tools.bmp_upload.upload.speed=230400
tools.bmp_upload.upload.params.verbose=
tools.bmp_upload.upload.params.quiet=-q --batch-silent
tools.bmp_upload.upload.pattern="{path}{cmd}" -cd "{build.path}" -b {upload.speed} {upload.verbose} -ex "set debug remote 0" -ex "set target-async off" -ex "set remotetimeout 60" -ex "set mem inaccessible-by-default off" -ex "set confirm off" -ex "set height 0" -ex "target extended-remote {serial.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1" -ex "x/wx 0x8000004" -ex "monitor erase_mass" -ex "echo 0x8000004 expect 0xffffffff after erase\n" -ex "x/wx 0x8000004" -ex "file {build.project_name}.elf" -ex "load" -ex "x/wx 0x08000004" -ex "tbreak main" -ex "run" -ex "echo \n\n\nUpload finished!" -ex "quit"
tools.jlink_upload.cmd=jlink_upload.bat
tools.jlink_upload.cmd.windows=jlink_upload.bat
tools.jlink_upload.cmd.macosx=jlink_upload
tools.jlink_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
tools.jlink_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx
tools.jlink_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.jlink_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.jlink_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d
tools.jlink_upload.upload.params.quiet=n
tools.jlink_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"
tools.hid_upload.cmd=hid-flash.exe
tools.hid_upload.cmd.windows=hid-flash.exe
tools.hid_upload.cmd.macosx=hid_flash
tools.hid_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
tools.hid_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx
tools.hid_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.hid_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux
tools.hid_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d
tools.hid_upload.upload.params.quiet=n
tools.hid_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin" {serial.port.file}
tools.stlink_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win
vm_original_platform_name=STM32F1 Boards (Arduino_STM32)
vm.platform.root.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\arduino16x
upload.verify=
tools.vmopenocd.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.vmopenocd.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.vmopenocd.debug.params.verbose=-d2
tools.vmopenocd.debug.params.quiet=-d0
tools.vmopenocd.debug.address=localhost:3333
tools.vmopenocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.vmopenocd.scriptPath=-s "{path}/scripts/"
tools.vmopenocd.logging=-l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}"
tools.vmopenocd.boardCmd=
tools.vmopenocd.targetCmd=
tools.vmopenocd.initCmd=
tools.vmopenocd.debug.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {debug.verbose} {logging} {scriptPath} {boardCmd} {targetCmd} {initCmd}
tools.vmopenocd.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.vmopenocd.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.vmopenocd.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.vmopenocd.program.address=localhost:3333
tools.vmopenocd.program.params.verbose=-d2
tools.vmopenocd.program.params.quiet=-d0
tools.vmopenocd.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.vmopenocd.program.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {program.verbose} {scriptPath} {boardCmd} {targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {programCmd}
tools.atmelICE.protocol=
tools.atmelICE.debug.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.atmelICE.debug.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.atmelICE.debug.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"
tools.atmelICE.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.atmelICE.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.atmelICE.vmserver.boardCmd=-c "adapter driver cmsis-dap" -c "cmsis_dap_vid_pid 0x03eb 0x2141"
tools.atmelICE.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.atmelICE.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.atmelICE.program.scriptPath=-s "{program.path}/scripts/"
tools.atmelICE.program.boardCmd=-c "adapter driver cmsis-dap" -c "cmsis_dap_vid_pid 0x03eb 0x2141"
tools.atmelICE.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.atmelICE.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.atmelICE.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.atmelICE.program.address=localhost:3333
tools.atmelICE.program.params.verbose=-d2
tools.atmelICE.program.params.quiet=-d0
tools.atmelICE.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.atmelICE.program.pattern="{program.path}/{program.cmd}" {program.verbose} {program.scriptPath} {program.boardCmd} {program.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {program.programCmd}
tools.atmelICE.program.extra_params=
tools.atmelICE.program.protocol=
tools.atmelICE.erase.params.verbose=-d3
tools.atmelICE.erase.params.quiet=-d0
tools.atmelICE.erase.pattern=
tools.jlink.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.jlink.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.jlink.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"
tools.jlink.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.jlink.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.jlink.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"
tools.jlink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.jlink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.jlink.program.scriptPath=-s "{program.path}/scripts/"
tools.jlink.program.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"
tools.jlink.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlink.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlink.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.jlink.program.address=localhost:3333
tools.jlink.program.params.verbose=-d2
tools.jlink.program.params.quiet=-d0
tools.jlink.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.jlink.program.pattern="{program.path}/{program.cmd}" {program.verbose} {program.scriptPath} {program.boardCmd} {program.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {program.programCmd}
tools.jlink.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.jlink.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"
tools.jlink.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlink.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.jlink.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.jlink.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.jlink.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.jlink.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.jlink.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.jlink.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.bmp_upload.debug.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/
tools.bmp_upload.program.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.bmp_upload.program.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.bmp_upload.program.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}
tools.bmp_upload.upload.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.bmp_upload.upload.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.bmp_upload.upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}
tools.bmp_upload.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.bmp_upload.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.bmp_upload.showLocalSerialPort=true
tools.bmp_upload.debug.server=
tools.stlinkv2.description=
tools.stlinkv2.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.stlinkv2.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.stlinkv2.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"
tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.stlinkv2.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/stlink.cfg"
tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.stlinkv2.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.stlinkv2.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/stlink.cfg"
tools.stlinkv2.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.stlinkv2.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.stlinkv2.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.stlinkv2.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.stlinkv2.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.stlinkv2.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.stlinkv2.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.stlinkv2.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.stlinkv2.upload.extra_params=
tools.stlinkv2.upload.protocol=
tools.stlinkv2.protocol=
tools.f2232mm.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.f2232mm.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.f2232mm.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {args}
tools.f2232mm.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.f2232mm.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.f2232mm.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule.cfg"
tools.f2232mm.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.f2232mm.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.f2232mm.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.f2232mm.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule.cfg"
tools.f2232mm.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.f2232mm.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.f2232mm.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.f2232mm.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.f2232mm.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.f2232mm.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.f2232mm.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.f2232mm.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.f2232mm.upload.extra_params=
tools.f2232mm.upload.protocol=
tools.f2232mm.protocol=
tools.f2232h.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"
tools.f2232h.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.f2232h.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.f2232h.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"
tools.f2232h.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.f2232h.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.f2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.f2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.f2232h.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.f2232h.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"
tools.f2232h.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.f2232h.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.f2232h.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.f2232h.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.f2232h.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.f2232h.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.f2232h.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.f2232h.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.f2232h.upload.extra_params=
tools.f2232h.upload.protocol=
tools.f2232h.protocol=
tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/um232h.cfg"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.cjmcuf2232h.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.cjmcuf2232h.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.cjmcuf2232h.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.extra_params=
tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.protocol=
tools.cjmcuf2232h.protocol=
tools.daplink.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg" -c "adapter speed 1000"
tools.daplink.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
tools.daplink.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin
tools.daplink.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {args}
tools.daplink.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd
tools.daplink.debug.server=vmopenocd
tools.daplink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"
vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.daplink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"
tools.daplink.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"
tools.daplink.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg" -c "adapter speed 1000"
tools.daplink.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe
tools.daplink.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe
tools.daplink.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}
tools.daplink.upload.address=localhost:3333
tools.daplink.upload.params.verbose=-d2
tools.daplink.upload.params.quiet=-d0
tools.daplink.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :
tools.daplink.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}
tools.daplink.upload.extra_params=
tools.daplink.upload.protocol=
tools.daplink.protocol=
builder.core.parallel_build=false
vm.build.sketch.cpp-use-build-cache=true
vm.build.libraries.cache-on=
vm.preproc.lib-search.lib-in-lib=top-level
vm.preproc.lib-search.lib-in-sketch=all
vm.preproc.sketch.cpp-datetime-use-cache=true
vm.preproc.lib-search.ino-cache=true
vm.ctags.cache.gcc-e=true
runtime.tools.scons-local.path={runtime.tools.scons-local_2024-05-25.path}
runtime.tools.stm32tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26
runtime.tools.stm32tools-2022.9.26.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26
runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1
runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc-4.8.3-2014q1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1
runtime.tools.arduinoOTA.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arduinoOTA\1.3.0
runtime.tools.arduinoOTA-1.3.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arduinoOTA\1.3.0
runtime.tools.avrdude.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avrdude\6.3.0-arduino17
runtime.tools.avrdude-6.3.0-arduino17.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avrdude\6.3.0-arduino17
runtime.tools.avr-gcc.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avr-gcc\7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7
runtime.tools.avr-gcc-7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avr-gcc\7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7
runtime.tools.ctags.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\ctags\5.8-arduino11
runtime.tools.ctags-5.8-arduino11.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\ctags\5.8-arduino11
runtime.tools.dfu-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\dfu-discovery\0.1.2
runtime.tools.dfu-discovery-0.1.2.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\dfu-discovery\0.1.2
runtime.tools.mdns-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\mdns-discovery\1.0.9
runtime.tools.mdns-discovery-1.0.9.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\mdns-discovery\1.0.9
runtime.tools.serial-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-discovery\1.4.1
runtime.tools.serial-discovery-1.4.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-discovery\1.4.1
runtime.tools.serial-monitor.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-monitor\0.14.1
runtime.tools.serial-monitor-0.14.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-monitor\0.14.1
runtime.tools.teensy-compile.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-compile\5.4.1
runtime.tools.teensy-compile-5.4.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-compile\5.4.1
runtime.tools.teensy-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-discovery\1.59.0
runtime.tools.teensy-discovery-1.59.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-discovery\1.59.0
runtime.tools.teensy-monitor.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-monitor\1.59.0
runtime.tools.teensy-monitor-1.59.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-monitor\1.59.0
runtime.tools.teensy-tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-tools\1.57.3
runtime.tools.teensy-tools-1.57.3.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-tools\1.57.3
runtime.vm.boardinfo.id=stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C
ide.arduino2.enabled=true
ide.hint=Arduino IDE 2x is similar to Arduino 1x. Use Board and Library Manager to install default hardware and libraries.
ide.location.key=visualmicro
ide.location.ide.auto=true
ide.location.ide.winreg=Arduino Default Alt Application
ide.location.sketchbook.winreg=Arduino Default Alt Sketchbook
ide.auto_fill_default_package_urls=
ide.default.revision_name=1.8.13
ide.contributions.boards.allow=true
ide.platforms.basedon=arduino16x
ide.inherit=arduino16x
ide.location.preferences=%VM_APPDATA_LOCAL%\arduino15\preferences.txt
ide.location.preferences_fallback=%VM_APPDATA_ROAMING%\arduino15\preferences.txt
ide.location.contributions=%VM_APPDATA_LOCAL%\arduino15
ide.location.contributions_fallback=%VM_APPDATA_ROAMING%\arduino15
ide.location.builtin.libraries={ide.location.contributions}\libraries
ide.platformswithoutpackage=false
ide.contributions.boards.ignore_unless_rewrite_found=true
ide.contributions.libraries.allow=true
ide.contributions.boards.support.urls.wiki=https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/wiki/Unofficial-list-of-3rd-party-boards-support-urls
ide.create_platforms_from_boardsTXT.teensy=build.core
vm.debug=true
software=ARDUINO
ssh.user.name=root
ssh.user.default.password=arduino
ssh.host.wwwfiles.path=/www/sd
ide.exe=
build.working_directory=
ide.appid=arduino20x
ide.location.sketchbook.preferences=sketchbook.path
ide.default.version=10800
ide.default.package=arduino
ide.default.platform=avr
ide.multiplatform=true
ide.includes=Arduino.h
ide.exe_name=arduino
ide.recipe.preproc.defines.flags=-w -x c++ -E -dM
ide.includes.fallback=wprogram.h
ide.extension=ino
ide.extension.fallback=pde
ide.versionGTEQ=160
ide.builder.exe=arduinobuilder.exe
ide.builder.name=Arduino Builder
ide.hosts=atmel
ide.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/Download-Arduino-Or-Other-Supporting-IDEs.aspx
ide.help.reference.path=reference
ide.help.reference.path2=reference\www.arduino.cc\en\Reference
ide.help.reference.serial=reference\www.arduino.cc\en\Serial
ide.location.preferences.portable={runtime.ide.path}\portable
ide.location.preferences.arduinoData={runtime.sketchbook.path}\ArduinoData
runtime.tools.vm_web_debugger.path={vm.platform.root.path}/../../Micro Debuggers/WebDebugger
recipe.hooks.vmdeploy.vm_web_debugger_postupload.1.pattern="{runtime.tools.vm_web_debugger.path}/DeployMicroWebserver.exe" "{sketch_path}" "{serial.port}" "{runtime.hardware.path}\.."
recipe.hooks.vmlaunch.vm_web_debugger_preopen.1.pattern=notepad.exe "{sketch_path}\__vm\vmWebDebugger\Start-WebServer.bat"
recipe.hooks.vmlaunch.vm_web_debugger_preopen.2.pattern={sketch_path}\__vm\vmWebDebugger\Start-WebServer.bat
ide.debug_menu.debugger_type=Debug
ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.none=Off
ide.debug_menu.none.debug.tool=no_debug
ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.universal=Serial
ide.debug_menu.universal.debug.tool=universal
ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.toolchain=Arduino
ide.debug_menu.toolchain.debug.tool=toolchain
ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.hwdebugger=Hardware
ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger=Debugger
ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger.custom_debugger=Manual/Custom
ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger.custom_debugger.debug.tool=dbg_external
ide.meta_custom_debugger.sentence=Provides a build that includes debug defines and will launch a custom debugger if one is provided.
ide.meta_custom_debugger.paragraph=This is option is for advanced use. It is recommended that a pre-configured debugger be selected when available in this list. Usage: Optionally add a customer debugger to the project. A 'debugger_launch.json' file shares the same command syntax that is used by the VsCode debugger. Custom debuggers can be targeted at a board and/or variant and/or configuration name. IE: [variant].[configuration_name][.]debugger_launch.json
ide.meta_custom_debugger.reference.usage.url=https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode-cpptools/blob/master/launch.md#customlaunchsetupcommands
ide.meta_custom_debugger.reference.connect.url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/debugger/create-custom-views-of-native-objects?view=vs-2019
ide.compiler_flags_no_opt=-O0
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization=Disable Optimization
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_default=Default Optimization
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_proj=No Project  Optimization
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs=No Project + Libraries Optimization
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs.vm_disable_opt_libraries={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_all=No Optimization
ide.meta_vm_disable_opt_all.sentence=Disable compiler optimization for all sources:- Project, Library and Platform.
ide.meta_vm_disable_opt_all.comment=After switching between 'No Optimization' and other optimization values, please click "Solution Clean" or switch off (or cycle) 'vMicro>Compiler>Shared Cache For Cores'. NOTE: Changing optimization settings can cause build errors or result in overly large programs.
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_libraries={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_core={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}
vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.builtin=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages/builtin
vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.download=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\staging
vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino
vm.arduino2.location.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino
vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.builtin.libraries=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\libraries
boardsmanager.additional.urls=https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/package_teensy_index.json
location.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino
vm.resolved.location.builtin.libraries=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\libraries
runtime.vm.boardinfo.name=stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C
runtime.vm.boardinfo.desc=Generic STM32F103C series                                                                                                (stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)
runtime.vm.boardinfo.src_location=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26
build.core.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\cores\maple
vm.core.include=arduino.h
vm.boardsource.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26
runtime.platform.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26
vm.platformname.name=STM32F1
build.arch=STM32F1
vm.runtime.compiler.cached_cores_path=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x
vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings=false
vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings_core=false
vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings_library=false
vm.runtime.upload.verbose=true
vm.runtime.upload.verify=false
runtime.vm.ide.platforms.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms
runtime.vm.ide.tools.openocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.9.0.path}
runtime.vm.openocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.9.0.path}
vm.runtime.build.intermediate_output_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\obj\ARM64\Release\
vm.runtime.build.intermediate_output_enabled=false
vm.runtime.build.final_output_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\bin\ARM64\Release\
compiler.always_include_sketchfolder=true
compiler.always_include_sharedprojectfolders=true
vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes=true
vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_shallow=true
vm.runtime.compiler.allow_library_debugging=false
vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_scons=false
vm.sketch_ino_cpp_name=BluePill.cpp
vm.solution.configuration_name=Release
serial.port.file=COM16
serial.port=COM16
serial.port.num=16
port.caption=COM16 - USB Serial Device
Caption=USB Serial Device (COM16)
ClassGuid={4d36e978-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}
CompatibleID.value0=USB\Class_02
ConfigManagerErrorCode=0
ConfigManagerUserConfig=False
CreationClassName=Win32_PnPEntity
Description=USB Serial Device
DeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4
HardwareID.value0=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004
Manufacturer=Microsoft
Name=USB Serial Device (COM16)
PNPClass=Ports
PNPDeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4
Present=True
Service=usbser
Status=OK
SystemCreationClassName=Win32_ComputerSystem
SystemName=FRANK_XPS_9530
vid=0x1EAF
pid=0x0004
vidpid=1EAF0004
vid_pid=0x1EAF_0x0004
iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4
extra.time.local=1731322959
extra.time.utc=1731340959
extra.time.dst=-18000
extra.time.zone=18000
serial.port.caption=COM16 - USB Serial Device
serial.Caption=USB Serial Device (COM16)
serial.ClassGuid={4d36e978-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}
serial.CompatibleID.value0=USB\Class_02
serial.ConfigManagerErrorCode=0
serial.ConfigManagerUserConfig=False
serial.CreationClassName=Win32_PnPEntity
serial.Description=USB Serial Device
serial.DeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4
serial.HardwareID.value0=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004
serial.Manufacturer=Microsoft
serial.Name=USB Serial Device (COM16)
serial.PNPClass=Ports
serial.PNPDeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4
serial.Present=True
serial.Service=usbser
serial.Status=OK
serial.SystemCreationClassName=Win32_ComputerSystem
serial.SystemName=FRANK_XPS_9530
serial.vid=0x1EAF
serial.pid=0x0004
serial.vidpid=1EAF0004
serial.vid_pid=0x1EAF_0x0004
serial.iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4
serial.port.iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4
build.project_name=BluePill.ino
build.project_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill
sketch_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill
ProjectDir=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\
build.path=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release
vm.runtime.compile.skip_library_file_if_exists_in_project=false
vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_cache=true
debug.tool=no_debug
build.ldscript=ld/bootloader_20.ld
upload.maximum_size=65536
upload.maximum_data_size=20480
upload.usbID=1EAF:0003
upload.altID=2
build.fqbn=stm32duino:STM32F1:genericSTM32F103C:device_variant=STM32F103C8,upload_method=DFUUploadMethod,cpu_speed=speed_72mhz
build.architecture=4.8.3-2014q1
vmresolved.compiler.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1\bin\
vmresolved.tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1
vm.settings.IsLinuxProject=true
build.vm.build.vmdebug=0
build.vm.build.isgdb=0
build.vm.build.optimised=1
vm.last.buildpath=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release



Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'
Build Folder: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Temp/VMBuilds/BluePill/stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C/Release"
Summary: Header=1 Prototypes=1 Imports=0
Additional Defines: 
Architecture Tools: "file:///c://Users//Frank//AppData//Local//Arduino15//packages//arduino//tools//arm-none-eabi-gcc//4.8.3-2014q1/bin/"
Api: 2.2024.0722-8
Sketch Book: "file:///c:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino"
User Libraries: "file:///c:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/libraries"
Build Temp: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Temp/VMBuilds/BluePill/stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C/Release"
Board Support Urls: "http://dan.drown.org/stm32duino/package_STM32duino_index.json"
Core Include Paths
Include Path "file:///c:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/stm32duino/hardware/STM32F1/2022.9.26/cores/maple"
Include Path "file:///c:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/stm32duino/hardware/STM32F1/2022.9.26/variants/generic_stm32f103c"
 
Deep search for libraries ...
   Using previous search results: C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.cpp
 

 
Extracting .ino prototypes ...
"c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\tools\ctags/ctags" -u --language-force=c++ -f - --c++-kinds=svpf --fields=KSTtzns --line-directives "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/sketch-gcc-e-clean.cpp.filtered.cpp"
setup	C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino	/^void setup()$/;"	kind:function	line:21	signature:()	returntype:void
loop	C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino	/^void loop()$/;"	kind:function	line:30	signature:()	returntype:void

	Required: True, Prototype: void setup();, Function: setup, Kind: function, Line: 21, Signature: (),  File: C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino, Code: void setup() 
	Required: True, Prototype: void loop();, Function: loop, Kind: function, Line: 30, Signature: (),  File: C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino, Code: void loop() 
 
Building variant ...
  Using previously compiled variant
 
Building core ...
 
Building project code ...
  Using previously compiled file: C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.cpp.o
 
Linking it all together ...
# Coping cached core C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\core.a to C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\core.a

"c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-g++" -Os -Wl,--gc-sections --specs=nano.specs -mcpu=cortex-m3 "-Tc:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\variants\generic_stm32f103c/ld/bootloader_20.ld" "-Wl,-Map,C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.map" "-Lc:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\variants\generic_stm32f103c/ld" -o "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf" "-LC:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release" -lm -lgcc -mthumb -Wl,--cref -Wl,--check-sections -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=report-all -Wl,--warn-common -Wl,--warn-section-align -Wl,--warn-unresolved-symbols -Wl,--start-group "BluePill.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\board.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\wirish\boards.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\wirish\boards_setup.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\start.S.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\start_c.c.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\syscalls.c.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\core.a" -Wl,--end-group

# recipe.objcopy.hex.pattern
"c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy" -O binary "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"
 

# Compute Size: "c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-size" -A "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf"

Program BluePill size: 13068 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.97 secs)
Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)
 
# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'
# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'
Uploader started for board Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)
Upload method will be: bootloader
Uploading via Bootloader 
Resetting to bootloader via Serial
Serial reset
Reset via USB Serial completed
c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\maple_upload.bat COM16 2 1EAF:0003 "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin" "c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\ide"
maple_loader v0.1
Resetting to bootloader via DTR pulse
#
# A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment:
#
#  EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x000000007110b5db, pid=25516, tid=0x0000000000008190
#
# JRE version: Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (8.0_431) (build 1.8.0_431-b10)
# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (25.431-b10 mixed mode windows-amd64 compressed oops)
# Problematic frame:
# C  [jSSC-2.8_x86_64.dll+0xb5db]
#
# Failed to write core dump. Minidumps are not enabled by default on client versions of Windows
#
# An error report file with more information is saved as:
# c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\hs_err_pid25516.log
#
# If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit:
#   http://bugreport.java.com/bugreport/crash.jsp
# The crash happened outside the Java Virtual Machine in native code.
# See problematic frame for where to report the bug.
#
	The upload process has finished.

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Board Properties

name=Generic STM32F103C series

vid.0=0x1EAF

pid.0=0x0004

build.variant=generic_stm32f103c

build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8002000

build.core=maple

build.board=GENERIC_STM32F103C

build.error_led_port=GPIOC

build.error_led_pin=13

upload.use_1200bps_touch=false

upload.file_type=bin

upload.auto_reset=true

upload.tool=maple_upload

upload.protocol=maple_dfu

menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8=STM32F103C8 (20k RAM. 64k Flash)

menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103C8

menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.build.ldscript=ld/jtag_c8.ld

menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.upload.maximum_size=65536

menu.device_variant.STM32F103C8.upload.maximum_data_size=20480

menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB=STM32F103CB (20k RAM. 128k Flash)

menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103CB

menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.build.ldscript=ld/jtag.ld

menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.upload.maximum_size=131072

menu.device_variant.STM32F103CB.upload.maximum_data_size=20480

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod=STM32duino bootloader

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.protocol=maple_dfu

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.tool=maple_upload

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8002000

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.build.ldscript=ld/bootloader_20.ld

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.usbID=1EAF:0003

menu.upload_method.DFUUploadMethod.upload.altID=2

menu.upload_method.serialMethod=Serial

menu.upload_method.serialMethod.upload.protocol=maple_serial

menu.upload_method.serialMethod.upload.tool=serial_upload

menu.upload_method.serialMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG

menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod=STLink

menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.upload.protocol=STLink

menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.upload.tool=stlink_upload

menu.upload_method.STLinkMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG=1 -DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER

menu.upload_method.BMPMethod=BMP (Black Magic Probe)

menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.upload.protocol=gdb_bmp

menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.upload.tool=bmp_upload

menu.upload_method.BMPMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG

menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod=JLink

menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.upload.protocol=jlink

menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.upload.tool=jlink_upload

menu.upload_method.jlinkMethod.build.upload_flags=-DCONFIG_MAPLE_MINI_NO_DISABLE_DEBUG=1 -DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER

menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod=HID bootloader 2.0

menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.upload.tool=hid_upload

menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER

menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.vect=VECT_TAB_ADDR=0x8001000

menu.upload_method.HIDUploadMethod.build.ldscript=ld/hid_bootloader.ld

menu.cpu_speed.speed_72mhz=72Mhz (Normal)

menu.cpu_speed.speed_72mhz.build.f_cpu=72000000L

menu.cpu_speed.speed_48mhz=48Mhz (Slow - with USB)

menu.cpu_speed.speed_48mhz.build.f_cpu=48000000L

menu.cpu_speed.speed_128mhz=Overclocked 128Mhz NO USB SERIAL. MANUAL RESET NEEDED TO UPLOAD

menu.cpu_speed.speed_128mhz.build.f_cpu=128000000L

menu.opt.osstd=Smallest (default)

menu.opt.o1std=Fast (-O1)

menu.opt.o1std.build.flags.optimize=-O1

menu.opt.o1std.build.flags.ldspecs=

menu.opt.o2std=Faster (-O2)

menu.opt.o2std.build.flags.optimize=-O2

menu.opt.o2std.build.flags.ldspecs=

menu.opt.o3std=Fastest (-O3)

menu.opt.o3std.build.flags.optimize=-O3

menu.opt.o3std.build.flags.ldspecs=

menu.opt.ogstd=Debug (-g)

menu.opt.ogstd.build.flags.optimize=-Og

menu.opt.ogstd.build.flags.ldspecs=

vm.debug.class_type=VM_DBT_USBSERIAL

vm.debug.main_port_name=Serial

tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg

menu.upload_method.f2232h=F2232H Dual RS232 + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.f2232h.upload.tool=ftdiocd

menu.upload_method.f2232h.upload.openocddebugger=ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg

menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h=F2232H Single RS232 + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h.upload.tool=ftdiocd

menu.upload_method.cjmcuf2232h.upload.openocddebugger=ftdi/um232h.cfg

menu.upload_method.ft2232mm=JLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.ft2232mm.upload.tool=jlinkocd

menu.upload_method.ft2232mm.upload.openocddebugger=jlink.cfg

menu.upload_method.stlinkv2=STLink v2 + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.stlinkv2.upload.tool=openocd

menu.upload_method.stlinkv2.upload.openocddebugger=stlink.cfg

menu.upload_method.stlinkv21=STLink v2.1 + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.stlinkv21.upload.tool=openocd

menu.upload_method.stlinkv21.upload.openocddebugger=stlink.cfg

menu.upload_method.bmp=Black Magic + GDB (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.bmp.upload.tool=vmbmp

menu.upload_method.bmp.upload.openocddebugger=

menu.upload_method.daplink=DAPLink + OpenOCD (vMicro)

menu.upload_method.daplink.upload.tool=daplink

runtime.ide.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\ide

runtime.os=windows

build.system.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\system

runtime.ide.version=108010

target_package=stm32duino

target_platform=STM32F1

runtime.hardware.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1

originalid=genericSTM32F103C

_id=genericSTM32F103C

intellisense.tools.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}

intellisense.include.paths={runtime.tools.CMSIS.path}/CMSIS/Core/Include/;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\tr1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\sys;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\9.2.1\arm-none-eabi\bits; {intellisense.tools.path}\lib\gcc\arm-none-eabi\9.2.1\include;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\arm-none-eabi;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\tr1;{intellisense.tools.path}\arm-none-eabi\include\c++\4.8.3\arm-none-eabi\bits;{intellisense.tools.path}\lib\gcc\arm-none-eabi\4.8.3\include;{vm.intellisense.add-paths}

upload.8dot3=false

tools.gdb.pre_init.tool=openocd

tools.gdb.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.gdb.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.gdb.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" -interpreter=mi -d "{build.project_path}"

tools.gdb.openocd.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.gdb.openocd.path={runtime.vm.ide.tools.openocd.path}

tools.gdb.openocd.params.verbose=-d2

tools.gdb.openocd.params.quiet=-d0

tools.gdb.openocd.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" -l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}" -s "{path}/scripts/" -f "{path}/scripts/{build.openocdscript}"

tools.openocd.debug.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.openocd.debug.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.openocd.debug.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.openocd.debug.params.verbose=-d2

tools.openocd.debug.params.quiet=-d0

tools.openocd.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.openocd.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.openocd.debug.args={params.verbose} -l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}" -s"{path}/scripts/" -f "{path}/scripts/interface/{build.openocddebugger}" -f "{path}/scripts/{build.openocdscript}" {initCmd}

tools.openocd.debug.address=localhost:3333

tools.bmp_upload.debug.args=-nh -b 115200 -ex "target extended-remote \.\{serial.debug.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1"

tools.f2232h.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

tools.f2232mm.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

tools.jlink.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.targetCmd=-f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

tools.stlinkv2.debug.args=-ex "flushregs" -ex "continue"

tools.daplink.vmserver.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.debug.build.openocdscript}"

debug_menu.hwdebugger.bmp=Black Magic (External)

debug_menu.hwdebugger.bmp.debug.tool=bmp_upload

meta_bmp.sentence=This debugger requires the 20-pin ribbon cable to link to your target, see connections below

meta_bmp.comment=Ensure the COM Port for the Black Magic is selected before attaching the Debugger. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_bmp.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-BMP-Connections.png

meta_bmp.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-BMP-VSOnly.png

meta_bmp.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232h=F2232H Dual RS232

debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232h.debug.tool=f2232h

meta_f2232h.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board

meta_f2232h.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_f2232h.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-FT2232H-Connections.png

meta_f2232h.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.cjmcuf2232h=F2232H Single RS232

debug_menu.hwdebugger.cjmcuf2232h.debug.tool=cjmcuf2232h

meta_cjmcuf2232h.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board

meta_cjmcuf2232h.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_cjmcuf2232h.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-CJMCU2232H-Connections.png

meta_cjmcuf2232h.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232mm=F2232 MiniModule

debug_menu.hwdebugger.f2232mm.debug.tool=f2232mm

meta_f2232mm.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to allow it to function, and connect to your target STM32 board

meta_f2232mm.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_f2232mm.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-FT2232MM-Connections.png

meta_f2232mm.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-FT2232MM-VSOnly.png

meta_f2232mm.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.jlink=Segger J-Link

debug_menu.hwdebugger.jlink.debug.tool=jlink

meta_jlink.sentence=This debugger will require some wiring to connect it to your target STM32 board

meta_jlink.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_jlink.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-Jlink-Connections.png

meta_jlink.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STM32-Jlink-VSOnly.png

meta_jlink.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv21=STLink v2.1 (Onboard)

debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv21.debug.tool=stlinkv2

meta_stlinkv21.sentence=This debugger is built onto the board, and requires both jumpers to be present on the STLINK/Board header

meta_stlinkv21.comment=Wiring can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_stlinkv21.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STlinkBuiltIn-Connections.png

meta_stlinkv21.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-STlinkBuiltIn-VSOnly.png

meta_stlinkv21.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv2=STLink v2 (External)

debug_menu.hwdebugger.stlinkv2.debug.tool=stlinkv2

meta_stlinkv2.sentence=This debugger requires the 20-pin ribbon cable to link to your target.

meta_stlinkv2.comment=Further info can be found in the below image, and the 'https://zadig.akeo.ie/' tool is required to replace the USB Driver on Interface 0 with 'WinUSB'. Set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_stlinkv2.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-STlink-Connections.png

meta_stlinkv2.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-STlink-VSOnly.png

meta_stlinkv2.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

debug_menu.hwdebugger.daplink=DAPLink

debug_menu.hwdebugger.daplink.debug.tool=daplink

meta_daplink.sentence=This debugger additional wiring to link to your target, see links below

meta_daplink.comment=Optionally set vMicro > Debugger > 'Compiler Optimization' to 'No Project', 'No Project + Libraries' or 'None' when debugging. (NOTE: Changing the optimization setting for this platform might cause compilation errors with certain code such as HardwareSerial.)

meta_daplink.image.connect=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Help-STM32-DAPLink-Connections.png

meta_daplink.image.operation=https://www.visualmicro.com/pics/Debug-Break-STM32-DAPLink-VSOnly.png

meta_daplink.reference.usage.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/STM32-Debugging.aspx

tools.openocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.openocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.openocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.openocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.openocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.openocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.openocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"

tools.openocd.upload.extra_params=

tools.openocd.upload.protocol=

tools.openocd.protocol=

tools.openocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg

tools.jlinkocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.jlinkocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.jlinkocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlinkocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlinkocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.jlinkocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.jlinkocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}" -c "transport select swd" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"

tools.jlinkocd.upload.extra_params=

tools.jlinkocd.upload.protocol=

tools.jlinkocd.protocol=

tools.jlinkocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg

tools.ftdiocd.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.ftdiocd.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.ftdiocd.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.ftdiocd.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.ftdiocd.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.ftdiocd.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.ftdiocd.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} -s "{upload.path}/scripts/" -f "interface/{upload.openocddebugger}" -c "transport select swd" -c "ftdi_layout_signal SWD_EN -data 0" -f "{upload.openocdscript}" -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" -c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"

tools.ftdiocd.upload.extra_params=

tools.ftdiocd.upload.protocol=

tools.ftdiocd.protocol=

tools.ftdiocd.upload.openocdscript=target/stm32f1x.cfg

tools.vmbmp.upload.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.vmbmp.upload.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.vmbmp.upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}

tools.vmbmp.upload.pattern={upload.path}/{upload.cmd} -nx -b 230400 -batch -ex "set confirm off" -ex "target extended-remote \.\{serial.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1" -ex "load" -ex "compare-sections" -ex "kill" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" -ex "kill"

tools.daplink.upload.programCmd=-c "reset_config; telnet_port disabled; program {{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf} reset;reset_config;shutdown"

tools.daplink.upload.targetCmd=-c "transport select swd" -f "{tools.openocd.upload.openocdscript}"

version=0.1.2

compiler.warning_flags=-w -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE

compiler.warning_flags.none=-w -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE

compiler.warning_flags.default=-DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_NONE

compiler.warning_flags.more=-Wall -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_FAULT

compiler.warning_flags.all=-Wall -Wextra -DDEBUG_LEVEL=DEBUG_ALL

compiler.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/

compiler.c.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gcc

compiler.c.flags=-c -g {build.flags.optimize} {compiler.warning_flags} -std=gnu11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -nostdlib --param max-inline-insns-single=500 -DBOARD_{build.variant} -D{build.vect} -DERROR_LED_PORT={build.error_led_port} -DERROR_LED_PIN={build.error_led_pin}

compiler.c.elf.cmd=arm-none-eabi-g++

compiler.c.elf.flags={build.flags.optimize} -Wl,--gc-sections {build.flags.ldspecs}

compiler.S.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gcc

compiler.S.flags=-c -g -x assembler-with-cpp -MMD

compiler.cpp.cmd=arm-none-eabi-g++

compiler.cpp.flags=-c -g {build.flags.optimize} {compiler.warning_flags} -std=gnu++11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -nostdlib --param max-inline-insns-single=500 -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -fno-use-cxa-atexit -DBOARD_{build.variant} -D{build.vect} -DERROR_LED_PORT={build.error_led_port} -DERROR_LED_PIN={build.error_led_pin}

compiler.ar.cmd=arm-none-eabi-ar

compiler.ar.flags=rcs

compiler.objcopy.cmd=arm-none-eabi-objcopy

compiler.objcopy.eep.flags=-O ihex -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom=alloc,load --no-change-warnings --change-section-lma .eeprom=0

compiler.elf2hex.flags=-O binary

compiler.elf2hex.cmd=arm-none-eabi-objcopy

compiler.ldflags={build.flags.ldspecs}

compiler.size.cmd=arm-none-eabi-size

compiler.define=-DARDUINO=

build.f_cpu=72000000L

build.mcu=cortex-m3

build.common_flags=-mthumb -march=armv7-m -D__STM32F1__

build.variant_system_lib=libmaple.a

build.cpu_flags=-DMCU_STM32F103C8

build.hs_flag=

build.upload_flags=-DSERIAL_USB -DGENERIC_BOOTLOADER

build.flags.optimize=-Os

build.flags.ldspecs=--specs=nano.specs

build.extra_flags={build.upload_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags}

compiler.c.extra_flags=

compiler.c.elf.extra_flags="-L{build.variant.path}/ld"

compiler.cpp.extra_flags=

compiler.S.extra_flags=

compiler.ar.extra_flags=

compiler.elf2hex.extra_flags=

compiler.libs.c.flags="-I{build.system.path}/libmaple" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/include" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/stm32f1/include" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/usb/stm32f1" "-I{build.system.path}/libmaple/usb/usb_lib"

recipe.c.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.cmd}" {compiler.c.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.c.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"

recipe.cpp.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.cpp.cmd}" {compiler.cpp.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.cpp.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"

recipe.S.o.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.cmd}" {compiler.S.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} -DF_CPU={build.f_cpu} -DARDUINO={runtime.ide.version} -DARDUINO_{build.board} -DARDUINO_ARCH_{build.arch} {compiler.S.extra_flags} {build.extra_flags} {build.cpu_flags} {build.hs_flag} {build.common_flags} {compiler.libs.c.flags} {includes} "{source_file}" -o "{object_file}"

recipe.ar.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.ar.cmd}" {compiler.ar.flags} {compiler.ar.extra_flags} "{archive_file_path}" "{object_file}"

recipe.c.combine.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.c.elf.cmd}" {compiler.c.elf.flags} -mcpu={build.mcu} "-T{build.variant.path}/{build.ldscript}" "-Wl,-Map,{build.path}/{build.project_name}.map" {compiler.c.elf.extra_flags} -o "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" "-L{build.path}" -lm -lgcc -mthumb -Wl,--cref -Wl,--check-sections -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=report-all -Wl,--warn-common -Wl,--warn-section-align -Wl,--warn-unresolved-symbols -Wl,--start-group {object_files} "{archive_file_path}" -Wl,--end-group

recipe.objcopy.eep.pattern=

recipe.objcopy.hex.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.elf2hex.cmd}" {compiler.elf2hex.flags} {compiler.elf2hex.extra_flags} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"

recipe.size.pattern="{compiler.path}{compiler.size.cmd}" -A "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.elf"

recipe.size.regex=^(?:\.text|\.data|\.rodata|\.text.align|\.ARM.exidx)\s+([0-9]+).*

recipe.size.regex.data=^(?:\.data|\.bss|\.noinit)\s+([0-9]+).*

recipe.output.tmp_file={build.project_name}.bin

recipe.output.save_file={build.project_name}.{build.variant}.bin

tools.maple_upload.cmd=maple_upload.bat

tools.maple_upload.cmd.windows=maple_upload.bat

tools.maple_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

tools.maple_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx

tools.maple_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.maple_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.maple_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d

tools.maple_upload.upload.params.quiet=

tools.maple_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {serial.port.file} {upload.altID} {upload.usbID} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin" "{runtime.ide.path}"

tools.serial_upload.cmd=serial_upload.bat

tools.serial_upload.cmd.windows=serial_upload.bat

tools.serial_upload.cmd.macosx=serial_upload

tools.serial_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

tools.serial_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx

tools.serial_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.serial_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.serial_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d

tools.serial_upload.upload.params.quiet=n

tools.serial_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {serial.port.file} {upload.altID} {upload.usbID} "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"

tools.stlink_upload.cmd=stlink_upload.bat

tools.stlink_upload.cmd.windows=stlink_upload.bat

tools.stlink_upload.path.windows={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

tools.stlink_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx

tools.stlink_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.stlink_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.stlink_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d

tools.stlink_upload.upload.params.quiet=

tools.stlink_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"

tools.bmp_upload.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb

tools.bmp_upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/

tools.bmp_upload.upload.speed=230400

tools.bmp_upload.upload.params.verbose=

tools.bmp_upload.upload.params.quiet=-q --batch-silent

tools.bmp_upload.upload.pattern="{path}{cmd}" -cd "{build.path}" -b {upload.speed} {upload.verbose} -ex "set debug remote 0" -ex "set target-async off" -ex "set remotetimeout 60" -ex "set mem inaccessible-by-default off" -ex "set confirm off" -ex "set height 0" -ex "target extended-remote {serial.port}" -ex "monitor swdp_scan" -ex "attach 1" -ex "x/wx 0x8000004" -ex "monitor erase_mass" -ex "echo 0x8000004 expect 0xffffffff after erase\n" -ex "x/wx 0x8000004" -ex "file {build.project_name}.elf" -ex "load" -ex "x/wx 0x08000004" -ex "tbreak main" -ex "run" -ex "echo \n\n\nUpload finished!" -ex "quit"

tools.jlink_upload.cmd=jlink_upload.bat

tools.jlink_upload.cmd.windows=jlink_upload.bat

tools.jlink_upload.cmd.macosx=jlink_upload

tools.jlink_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

tools.jlink_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx

tools.jlink_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.jlink_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.jlink_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d

tools.jlink_upload.upload.params.quiet=n

tools.jlink_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin"

tools.hid_upload.cmd=hid-flash.exe

tools.hid_upload.cmd.windows=hid-flash.exe

tools.hid_upload.cmd.macosx=hid_flash

tools.hid_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

tools.hid_upload.path.macosx={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/macosx

tools.hid_upload.path.linux={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.hid_upload.path.linux64={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/linux

tools.hid_upload.upload.params.verbose=-d

tools.hid_upload.upload.params.quiet=n

tools.hid_upload.upload.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" "{build.path}/{build.project_name}.bin" {serial.port.file}

tools.stlink_upload.path={runtime.tools.stm32tools.path}/win

vm_original_platform_name=STM32F1 Boards (Arduino_STM32)

vm.platform.root.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\arduino16x

upload.verify=

tools.vmopenocd.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.vmopenocd.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.vmopenocd.debug.params.verbose=-d2

tools.vmopenocd.debug.params.quiet=-d0

tools.vmopenocd.debug.address=localhost:3333

tools.vmopenocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.vmopenocd.scriptPath=-s "{path}/scripts/"

tools.vmopenocd.logging=-l "{{build.path}/{build.project_name}_DebugOpenOCD.log}"

tools.vmopenocd.boardCmd=

tools.vmopenocd.targetCmd=

tools.vmopenocd.initCmd=

tools.vmopenocd.debug.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {debug.verbose} {logging} {scriptPath} {boardCmd} {targetCmd} {initCmd}

tools.vmopenocd.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.vmopenocd.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.vmopenocd.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.vmopenocd.program.address=localhost:3333

tools.vmopenocd.program.params.verbose=-d2

tools.vmopenocd.program.params.quiet=-d0

tools.vmopenocd.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.vmopenocd.program.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {program.verbose} {scriptPath} {boardCmd} {targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {programCmd}

tools.atmelICE.protocol=

tools.atmelICE.debug.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.atmelICE.debug.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.atmelICE.debug.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"

tools.atmelICE.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.atmelICE.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.atmelICE.vmserver.boardCmd=-c "adapter driver cmsis-dap" -c "cmsis_dap_vid_pid 0x03eb 0x2141"

tools.atmelICE.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.atmelICE.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.atmelICE.program.scriptPath=-s "{program.path}/scripts/"

tools.atmelICE.program.boardCmd=-c "adapter driver cmsis-dap" -c "cmsis_dap_vid_pid 0x03eb 0x2141"

tools.atmelICE.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.atmelICE.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.atmelICE.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.atmelICE.program.address=localhost:3333

tools.atmelICE.program.params.verbose=-d2

tools.atmelICE.program.params.quiet=-d0

tools.atmelICE.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.atmelICE.program.pattern="{program.path}/{program.cmd}" {program.verbose} {program.scriptPath} {program.boardCmd} {program.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {program.programCmd}

tools.atmelICE.program.extra_params=

tools.atmelICE.program.protocol=

tools.atmelICE.erase.params.verbose=-d3

tools.atmelICE.erase.params.quiet=-d0

tools.atmelICE.erase.pattern=

tools.jlink.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.jlink.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.jlink.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"

tools.jlink.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.jlink.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.jlink.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"

tools.jlink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.jlink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.jlink.program.scriptPath=-s "{program.path}/scripts/"

tools.jlink.program.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"

tools.jlink.program.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlink.program.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlink.program.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.jlink.program.address=localhost:3333

tools.jlink.program.params.verbose=-d2

tools.jlink.program.params.quiet=-d0

tools.jlink.program.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.jlink.program.pattern="{program.path}/{program.cmd}" {program.verbose} {program.scriptPath} {program.boardCmd} {program.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{program.elf.message}}" {program.programCmd}

tools.jlink.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.jlink.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/jlink.cfg"

tools.jlink.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlink.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.jlink.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.jlink.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.jlink.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.jlink.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.jlink.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.jlink.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.bmp_upload.debug.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin/

tools.bmp_upload.program.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.bmp_upload.program.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.bmp_upload.program.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}

tools.bmp_upload.upload.cmd=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.bmp_upload.upload.cmd.windows=bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.bmp_upload.upload.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}

tools.bmp_upload.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.bmp_upload.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.bmp_upload.showLocalSerialPort=true

tools.bmp_upload.debug.server=

tools.stlinkv2.description=

tools.stlinkv2.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.stlinkv2.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.stlinkv2.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"

tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.stlinkv2.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/stlink.cfg"

tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.stlinkv2.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.stlinkv2.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.stlinkv2.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/stlink.cfg"

tools.stlinkv2.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.stlinkv2.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.stlinkv2.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.stlinkv2.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.stlinkv2.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.stlinkv2.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.stlinkv2.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.stlinkv2.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.stlinkv2.upload.extra_params=

tools.stlinkv2.upload.protocol=

tools.stlinkv2.protocol=

tools.f2232mm.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.f2232mm.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.f2232mm.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {args}

tools.f2232mm.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.f2232mm.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.f2232mm.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule.cfg"

tools.f2232mm.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.f2232mm.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.f2232mm.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.f2232mm.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule.cfg"

tools.f2232mm.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.f2232mm.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.f2232mm.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.f2232mm.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.f2232mm.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.f2232mm.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.f2232mm.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.f2232mm.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.f2232mm.upload.extra_params=

tools.f2232mm.upload.protocol=

tools.f2232mm.protocol=

tools.f2232h.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"

tools.f2232h.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.f2232h.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.f2232h.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"

tools.f2232h.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.f2232h.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.f2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.f2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.f2232h.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.f2232h.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"

tools.f2232h.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.f2232h.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.f2232h.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.f2232h.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.f2232h.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.f2232h.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.f2232h.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.f2232h.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.f2232h.upload.extra_params=

tools.f2232h.upload.protocol=

tools.f2232h.protocol=

tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/um232h.cfg"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.cjmcuf2232h.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.cjmcuf2232h.pattern="{path}/{cmd}"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.cjmcuf2232h.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.cjmcuf2232h.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/ftdi/minimodule-lowcost.cfg"

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.extra_params=

tools.cjmcuf2232h.upload.protocol=

tools.cjmcuf2232h.protocol=

tools.daplink.vmserver.boardCmd=-f "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg" -c "adapter speed 1000"

tools.daplink.cmd=arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe

tools.daplink.path={runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path}/bin

tools.daplink.pattern="{path}/{cmd}" {args}

tools.daplink.vmserver.tool=vmopenocd

tools.daplink.debug.server=vmopenocd

tools.daplink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init; reset halt"

vs-cmd.Debug.AttachtoProcess.tools.daplink.vmserver.initCmd=-c "init"

tools.daplink.upload.scriptPath=-s "{upload.path}/scripts/"

tools.daplink.upload.boardCmd=-f "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg" -c "adapter speed 1000"

tools.daplink.upload.cmd=bin/openocd.exe

tools.daplink.upload.cmd.windows=bin/openocd.exe

tools.daplink.upload.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.10.0.20200213.path}

tools.daplink.upload.address=localhost:3333

tools.daplink.upload.params.verbose=-d2

tools.daplink.upload.params.quiet=-d0

tools.daplink.upload.elf.message=****[vMicro]**** Uploading ELF :

tools.daplink.upload.pattern="{upload.path}/{upload.cmd}" {upload.verbose} {upload.scriptPath} {upload.boardCmd} {upload.targetCmd} -c "echo -n {{upload.elf.message}}" {upload.programCmd}

tools.daplink.upload.extra_params=

tools.daplink.upload.protocol=

tools.daplink.protocol=

builder.core.parallel_build=false

vm.build.sketch.cpp-use-build-cache=true

vm.build.libraries.cache-on=

vm.preproc.lib-search.lib-in-lib=top-level

vm.preproc.lib-search.lib-in-sketch=all

vm.preproc.sketch.cpp-datetime-use-cache=true

vm.preproc.lib-search.ino-cache=true

vm.ctags.cache.gcc-e=true

runtime.tools.scons-local.path={runtime.tools.scons-local_2024-05-25.path}

runtime.tools.stm32tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26

runtime.tools.stm32tools-2022.9.26.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26

runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1

runtime.tools.arm-none-eabi-gcc-4.8.3-2014q1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1

runtime.tools.arduinoOTA.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arduinoOTA\1.3.0

runtime.tools.arduinoOTA-1.3.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arduinoOTA\1.3.0

runtime.tools.avrdude.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avrdude\6.3.0-arduino17

runtime.tools.avrdude-6.3.0-arduino17.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avrdude\6.3.0-arduino17

runtime.tools.avr-gcc.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avr-gcc\7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7

runtime.tools.avr-gcc-7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avr-gcc\7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7

runtime.tools.ctags.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\ctags\5.8-arduino11

runtime.tools.ctags-5.8-arduino11.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\ctags\5.8-arduino11

runtime.tools.dfu-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\dfu-discovery\0.1.2

runtime.tools.dfu-discovery-0.1.2.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\dfu-discovery\0.1.2

runtime.tools.mdns-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\mdns-discovery\1.0.9

runtime.tools.mdns-discovery-1.0.9.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\mdns-discovery\1.0.9

runtime.tools.serial-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-discovery\1.4.1

runtime.tools.serial-discovery-1.4.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-discovery\1.4.1

runtime.tools.serial-monitor.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-monitor\0.14.1

runtime.tools.serial-monitor-0.14.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\builtin\tools\serial-monitor\0.14.1

runtime.tools.teensy-compile.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-compile\5.4.1

runtime.tools.teensy-compile-5.4.1.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-compile\5.4.1

runtime.tools.teensy-discovery.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-discovery\1.59.0

runtime.tools.teensy-discovery-1.59.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-discovery\1.59.0

runtime.tools.teensy-monitor.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-monitor\1.59.0

runtime.tools.teensy-monitor-1.59.0.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-monitor\1.59.0

runtime.tools.teensy-tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-tools\1.57.3

runtime.tools.teensy-tools-1.57.3.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\teensy\tools\teensy-tools\1.57.3

runtime.vm.boardinfo.id=stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C

ide.arduino2.enabled=true

ide.hint=Arduino IDE 2x is similar to Arduino 1x. Use Board and Library Manager to install default hardware and libraries.

ide.location.key=visualmicro

ide.location.ide.auto=true

ide.location.ide.winreg=Arduino Default Alt Application

ide.location.sketchbook.winreg=Arduino Default Alt Sketchbook

ide.auto_fill_default_package_urls=

ide.default.revision_name=1.8.13

ide.contributions.boards.allow=true

ide.platforms.basedon=arduino16x

ide.inherit=arduino16x

ide.location.preferences=%VM_APPDATA_LOCAL%\arduino15\preferences.txt

ide.location.preferences_fallback=%VM_APPDATA_ROAMING%\arduino15\preferences.txt

ide.location.contributions=%VM_APPDATA_LOCAL%\arduino15

ide.location.contributions_fallback=%VM_APPDATA_ROAMING%\arduino15

ide.location.builtin.libraries={ide.location.contributions}\libraries

ide.platformswithoutpackage=false

ide.contributions.boards.ignore_unless_rewrite_found=true

ide.contributions.libraries.allow=true

ide.contributions.boards.support.urls.wiki=https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/wiki/Unofficial-list-of-3rd-party-boards-support-urls

ide.create_platforms_from_boardsTXT.teensy=build.core

vm.debug=true

software=ARDUINO

ssh.user.name=root

ssh.user.default.password=arduino

ssh.host.wwwfiles.path=/www/sd

ide.exe=

build.working_directory=

ide.appid=arduino20x

ide.location.sketchbook.preferences=sketchbook.path

ide.default.version=10800

ide.default.package=arduino

ide.default.platform=avr

ide.multiplatform=true

ide.includes=Arduino.h

ide.exe_name=arduino

ide.recipe.preproc.defines.flags=-w -x c++ -E -dM

ide.includes.fallback=wprogram.h

ide.extension=ino

ide.extension.fallback=pde

ide.versionGTEQ=160

ide.builder.exe=arduinobuilder.exe

ide.builder.name=Arduino Builder

ide.hosts=atmel

ide.url=https://www.visualmicro.com/page/Download-Arduino-Or-Other-Supporting-IDEs.aspx

ide.help.reference.path=reference

ide.help.reference.path2=reference\www.arduino.cc\en\Reference

ide.help.reference.serial=reference\www.arduino.cc\en\Serial

ide.location.preferences.portable={runtime.ide.path}\portable

ide.location.preferences.arduinoData={runtime.sketchbook.path}\ArduinoData

runtime.tools.vm_web_debugger.path={vm.platform.root.path}/../../Micro Debuggers/WebDebugger

recipe.hooks.vmdeploy.vm_web_debugger_postupload.1.pattern="{runtime.tools.vm_web_debugger.path}/DeployMicroWebserver.exe" "{sketch_path}" "{serial.port}" "{runtime.hardware.path}\.."

recipe.hooks.vmlaunch.vm_web_debugger_preopen.1.pattern=notepad.exe "{sketch_path}\__vm\vmWebDebugger\Start-WebServer.bat"

recipe.hooks.vmlaunch.vm_web_debugger_preopen.2.pattern={sketch_path}\__vm\vmWebDebugger\Start-WebServer.bat

ide.debug_menu.debugger_type=Debug

ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.none=Off

ide.debug_menu.none.debug.tool=no_debug

ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.universal=Serial

ide.debug_menu.universal.debug.tool=universal

ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.toolchain=Arduino

ide.debug_menu.toolchain.debug.tool=toolchain

ide.debug_menu.debugger_type.hwdebugger=Hardware

ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger=Debugger

ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger.custom_debugger=Manual/Custom

ide.debug_menu.hwdebugger.custom_debugger.debug.tool=dbg_external

ide.meta_custom_debugger.sentence=Provides a build that includes debug defines and will launch a custom debugger if one is provided.

ide.meta_custom_debugger.paragraph=This is option is for advanced use. It is recommended that a pre-configured debugger be selected when available in this list. Usage: Optionally add a customer debugger to the project. A 'debugger_launch.json' file shares the same command syntax that is used by the VsCode debugger. Custom debuggers can be targeted at a board and/or variant and/or configuration name. IE: [variant].[configuration_name][.]debugger_launch.json

ide.meta_custom_debugger.reference.usage.url=https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode-cpptools/blob/master/launch.md#customlaunchsetupcommands

ide.meta_custom_debugger.reference.connect.url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/debugger/create-custom-views-of-native-objects?view=vs-2019

ide.compiler_flags_no_opt=-O0

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization=Disable Optimization

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_default=Default Optimization

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_proj=No Project Optimization

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs=No Project + Libraries Optimization

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_proj_libs.vm_disable_opt_libraries={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_optimization.vm_disable_opt_all=No Optimization

ide.meta_vm_disable_opt_all.sentence=Disable compiler optimization for all sources:- Project, Library and Platform.

ide.meta_vm_disable_opt_all.comment=After switching between 'No Optimization' and other optimization values, please click "Solution Clean" or switch off (or cycle) 'vMicro>Compiler>Shared Cache For Cores'. NOTE: Changing optimization settings can cause build errors or result in overly large programs.

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_project={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_libraries={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

ide.debug_menu.vm_disable_opt_all.vm_disable_opt_core={ide.compiler_flags_no_opt}

vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.builtin=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages/builtin

vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.download=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\staging

vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino

vm.arduino2.location.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino

vm.arduino2.settings.dirs.builtin.libraries=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\libraries

boardsmanager.additional.urls=https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/package_teensy_index.json

location.sketchbook=c:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino

vm.resolved.location.builtin.libraries=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\libraries

runtime.vm.boardinfo.name=stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C

runtime.vm.boardinfo.desc=Generic STM32F103C series (stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)

runtime.vm.boardinfo.src_location=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26

build.core.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\cores\maple

vm.core.include=arduino.h

vm.boardsource.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26

runtime.platform.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26

vm.platformname.name=STM32F1

build.arch=STM32F1

vm.runtime.compiler.cached_cores_path=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x

vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings=false

vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings_core=false

vm.runtime.compiler.showwarnings_library=false

vm.runtime.upload.verbose=true

vm.runtime.upload.verify=false

runtime.vm.ide.platforms.path=c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms

runtime.vm.ide.tools.openocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.9.0.path}

runtime.vm.openocd.path={runtime.tools.openocd-0.9.0.path}

vm.runtime.build.intermediate_output_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\obj\ARM64\Release\

vm.runtime.build.intermediate_output_enabled=false

vm.runtime.build.final_output_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\bin\ARM64\Release\

compiler.always_include_sketchfolder=true

compiler.always_include_sharedprojectfolders=true

vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes=true

vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_shallow=true

vm.runtime.compiler.allow_library_debugging=false

vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_scons=false

vm.sketch_ino_cpp_name=BluePill.cpp

vm.solution.configuration_name=Release

serial.port.file=COM16

serial.port=COM16

serial.port.num=16

port.caption=COM16 - USB Serial Device

Caption=USB Serial Device (COM16)

ClassGuid={4d36e978-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}

CompatibleID.value0=USB\Class_02

ConfigManagerErrorCode=0

ConfigManagerUserConfig=False

CreationClassName=Win32_PnPEntity

Description=USB Serial Device

DeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4

HardwareID.value0=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004

Manufacturer=Microsoft

Name=USB Serial Device (COM16)

PNPClass=Ports

PNPDeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4

Present=True

Service=usbser

Status=OK

SystemCreationClassName=Win32_ComputerSystem

SystemName=FRANK_XPS_9530

vid=0x1EAF

pid=0x0004

vidpid=1EAF0004

vid_pid=0x1EAF_0x0004

iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4

extra.time.local=1731322959

extra.time.utc=1731340959

extra.time.dst=-18000

extra.time.zone=18000

serial.port.caption=COM16 - USB Serial Device

serial.Caption=USB Serial Device (COM16)

serial.ClassGuid={4d36e978-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}

serial.CompatibleID.value0=USB\Class_02

serial.ConfigManagerErrorCode=0

serial.ConfigManagerUserConfig=False

serial.CreationClassName=Win32_PnPEntity

serial.Description=USB Serial Device

serial.DeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4

serial.HardwareID.value0=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004

serial.Manufacturer=Microsoft

serial.Name=USB Serial Device (COM16)

serial.PNPClass=Ports

serial.PNPDeviceID=USB\VID_1EAF&PID_0004\C&39F82F70&0&4

serial.Present=True

serial.Service=usbser

serial.Status=OK

serial.SystemCreationClassName=Win32_ComputerSystem

serial.SystemName=FRANK_XPS_9530

serial.vid=0x1EAF

serial.pid=0x0004

serial.vidpid=1EAF0004

serial.vid_pid=0x1EAF_0x0004

serial.iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4

serial.port.iserial=C&39F82F70&0&4

build.project_name=BluePill.ino

build.project_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill

sketch_path=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill

ProjectDir=C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\

build.path=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release

vm.runtime.compile.skip_library_file_if_exists_in_project=false

vm.runtime.compiler.auto_discover_includes_cache=true

debug.tool=no_debug

build.ldscript=ld/bootloader_20.ld

upload.maximum_size=65536

upload.maximum_data_size=20480

upload.usbID=1EAF:0003

upload.altID=2

build.fqbn=stm32duino:STM32F1:genericSTM32F103C:device_variant=STM32F103C8,upload_method=DFUUploadMethod,cpu_speed=speed_72mhz

build.architecture=4.8.3-2014q1

vmresolved.compiler.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1\bin\

vmresolved.tools.path=c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1

vm.settings.IsLinuxProject=true

build.vm.build.vmdebug=0

build.vm.build.isgdb=0

build.vm.build.optimised=1

vm.last.buildpath=C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release

Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'

Build Folder: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Temp/VMBuilds/BluePill/stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C/Release"

Summary: Header=1 Prototypes=1 Imports=0

Additional Defines:

Architecture Tools: "file:///c://Users//Frank//AppData//Local//Arduino15//packages//arduino//tools//arm-none-eabi-gcc//4.8.3-2014q1/bin/"

Api: 2.2024.0722-8

Sketch Book: "file:///c:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino"

User Libraries: "file:///c:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/libraries"

Build Temp: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Temp/VMBuilds/BluePill/stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C/Release"

Board Support Urls: "http://dan.drown.org/stm32duino/package_STM32duino_index.json"

Core Include Paths

Include Path "file:///c:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/stm32duino/hardware/STM32F1/2022.9.26/cores/maple"

Include Path "file:///c:/Users/Frank/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/stm32duino/hardware/STM32F1/2022.9.26/variants/generic_stm32f103c"

Deep search for libraries ...

Using previous search results: C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.cpp

Extracting .ino prototypes ...

"c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\tools\ctags/ctags" -u --language-force=c++ -f - --c++-kinds=svpf --fields=KSTtzns --line-directives "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/sketch-gcc-e-clean.cpp.filtered.cpp"

setup C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino /^void setup()$/;" kind:function line:21 signature:() returntype:void

loop C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/.vmpreproc/C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino /^void loop()$/;" kind:function line:30 signature:() returntype:void

Required: True, Prototype: void setup();, Function: setup, Kind: function, Line: 21, Signature: (), File: C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino, Code: void setup()

Required: True, Prototype: void loop();, Function: loop, Kind: function, Line: 30, Signature: (), File: C:\Users\Frank\Documents\Arduino\BluePill\BluePill\BluePill.ino, Code: void loop()

Building variant ...

Using previously compiled variant

Building core ...

Building project code ...

Using previously compiled file: C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\BluePill.cpp.o

Linking it all together ...

# Coping cached core C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\core.a to C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\core.a

"c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-g++" -Os -Wl,--gc-sections --specs=nano.specs -mcpu=cortex-m3 "-Tc:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\variants\generic_stm32f103c/ld/bootloader_20.ld" "-Wl,-Map,C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.map" "-Lc:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\hardware\STM32F1\2022.9.26\variants\generic_stm32f103c/ld" -o "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf" "-LC:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release" -lm -lgcc -mthumb -Wl,--cref -Wl,--check-sections -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=report-all -Wl,--warn-common -Wl,--warn-section-align -Wl,--warn-unresolved-symbols -Wl,--start-group "BluePill.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\board.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\wirish\boards.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\wirish\boards_setup.cpp.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\start.S.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\start_c.c.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBCore\arduino20x\09fbb7ffe32dab9563cfd9c36010c9b3\variant\syscalls.c.o" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release\core.a" -Wl,--end-group

# recipe.objcopy.hex.pattern

"c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy" -O binary "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf" "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"

# Compute Size: "c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\arm-none-eabi-gcc\4.8.3-2014q1/bin/arm-none-eabi-size" -A "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.elf"

Program BluePill size: 13068 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.97 secs)

Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)

# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'

# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'

Uploader started for board Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)

Upload method will be: bootloader

Uploading via Bootloader

Resetting to bootloader via Serial

Serial reset

Reset via USB Serial completed

c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\maple_upload.bat COM16 2 1EAF:0003 "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C\Release/BluePill.ino.bin" "c:\program files\microsoft visual studio\2022\community\common7\ide\extensions\jbmj4m1q.esc\Micro Platforms\visualmicro\ide"

maple_loader v0.1

Resetting to bootloader via DTR pulse

# A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment:

# EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x000000007110b5db, pid=25516, tid=0x0000000000008190

# JRE version: Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (8.0_431) (build 1.8.0_431-b10)

# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (25.431-b10 mixed mode windows-amd64 compressed oops)

# Problematic frame:

# C [jSSC-2.8_x86_64.dll+0xb5db]

# Failed to write core dump. Minidumps are not enabled by default on client versions of Windows

# An error report file with more information is saved as:

# c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\hs_err_pid25516.log

# If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit:

# http://bugreport.java.com/bugreport/crash.jsp

# The crash happened outside the Java Virtual Machine in native code.

# See problematic frame for where to report the bug.

The upload process has finished.

After passing this along, it was suggested I try this trick again, but after launching VS2022 in ‘Administrator’ mode. This made no difference – got the same error.

After some more thought and discussion, I came to the conclusion that the reason this was failing is because the ‘blue pill’ devices don’t have any (or at least, the proper) bootloader installed. This situation is discussed here, and also here

As an experiment, I changed the jumper back to the default location (same side for both jumpers) and tried again – same (bad) result.

After this, I also tried the ‘HID Bootloader 2.0’ upload method, also using the USB connector. It failed, with the following output:

Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'
 
Program size: 13084 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.25 secs)
Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)
 
Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'
Resetting to bootloader via Serial
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|         HID-Flash v2.1 - STM32 HID Bootloader Flash Tool               |
|     (c)      2018 - Bruno Freitas      - http://www.brunofreitas.com/  |
|     (c) 2018-2019 - Vassilis Serasidis - https://www.serasidis.gr/     |
|   Customized for STM32duino ecosystem  - https://www.stm32duino.com/   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
> Trying to open the comport...
> Toggling DTR...
> Searching for 1209:BEBA HID device...
##########
	The upload process has finished.
Error - No HID Bootloader device is found

Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'

Program size: 13084 bytes (used 20% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.25 secs)

Minimum Memory Usage: 2064 bytes (10% of a 20480 byte maximum)

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM16'

Resetting to bootloader via Serial

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| HID-Flash v2.1 - STM32 HID Bootloader Flash Tool |

| Customized for STM32duino ecosystem - https://www.stm32duino.com/ |

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> Trying to open the comport...

> Toggling DTR...

> Searching for 1209:BEBA HID device...

##########

The upload process has finished.

Error - No HID Bootloader device is found

This all led me to believe that my ‘blue pill’ devices either have no bootloader loaded, or have the wrong version.

Back to the books. From the original vMicro forum reply I went to their ‘STMicroelectronics STM32 Overview‘ page, and from there to the stm32duinio ‘Arduino_Core_STM32‘ and Serasidis ‘STM_32_HID_Bootloader‘ github sites.

Upload methods site:

I had real trouble understanding correlating the information on this site with my observations when working with my ‘blue pill’ devices. Apparently when I was able to program the device with the ST-LINK adaptor I was using the ‘SWD’ method, described on the Overview site as:

SWD
Requires a ST-Link/V2 or ST-Link/V3 device connected to the PC over USB and to the board via the SWD interface.

Tip

Several boards manufactured by ST integrate ST-Link: Nucleo, Discovery, Eval.

Be sure that the necessary driver for Windows is installed (available here) and the ST-Link adapter is updated to the latest firmware (application to upgrade the firmware).

Only 3 pins are required for basic programming and debugging of the STM32 MCU devices (4 if the board is powered by the programmer) using Serial Debug Wire (SWD):

GND
SWDIO
SWCLK
3.3V (optional)
Caution

Avoid wired 3.3V to the target board if it is already powered by an other source (external supply, USB,..) else you may damage the board, programmer, USB port or external supply.

Refers to ST-Link V2 or ST-Link V3 user Manual and to the board documentations (User Manual, schematics,...) to ensure connect to the right pins.

SWD

Requires a ST-Link/V2 or ST-Link/V3 device connected to the PC over USB and to the board via the SWD interface.

Tip

Several boards manufactured by ST integrate ST-Link: Nucleo, Discovery, Eval.

Be sure that the necessary driver for Windows is installed (available here) and the ST-Link adapter is updated to the latest firmware (application to upgrade the firmware).

Only 3 pins are required for basic programming and debugging of the STM32 MCU devices (4 if the board is powered by the programmer) using Serial Debug Wire (SWD):

GND

SWDIO

SWCLK

3.3V (optional)

Caution

Avoid wired 3.3V to the target board if it is already powered by an other source (external supply, USB,..) else you may damage the board, programmer, USB port or external supply.

Refers to ST-Link V2 or ST-Link V3 user Manual and to the board documentations (User Manual, schematics,...) to ensure connect to the right pins.

12 November 2024 Update:

Based on what I have learned so far, STM32* MCU’s aren’t naturally compatible with the Arduino ecosystem. However, there are several workarounds that allow Arduino programs to work on STM32 devices. There apparently are at least two hardware-facilitated methods for uploading Arduino programs to STM32 devices; one is by using a ST-LINK device (STM or ‘clone’) connected to a ‘SoftWare Debug’ (SWD) port if one is available, and another is by using a FTDI(Future Technology Devices International) USB-Serial adapter device connected to a MCU serial port.

In addition to the ‘hardware-facilitated’ workarounds, there are at least two different software implementations that allow Arduino programs to be uploaded via the USB port. Both of these require that a ‘bootloader’ be installed into the STM32* MCU. One implementation is the ‘Maple’ bootloader, which comes in two flavors – the ‘original Maple bootloader’ and a modification of the original Maple bootloader called ‘STM32duino-bootloader’, or ‘bootloader 2.0’.

Serial Adaptor Method

The FTDI (serial adaptor) method requires that the STM32* MCU be restarted in ‘native bootloader’ mode before attempting to program the device. This is accomplished (in the case of ‘blue pill’ devices) by moving the BOOT0 jumper from the ‘1’ setting to the ‘0’ setting, as shown below, and then pressing and releasing the RESET button:

Then the program can be uploaded via the Arduino IDE (in my case I’m using the Visual Studio 2022 Visual Micro extension for Arduino, so my ‘look and feel’ will be different).

I found a really good tutorial for this ‘serial’ mode here. It was created in 2018, so it is a bit out of date with respect to the state of development of arduino-compatible bootloaders allowing program upload via USB, but is by far the clearest, most readable treatment of FTDI-based serial adaptor program uploads. I copied the wiring diagram shown below from this tutorial, in case it goes away at some point:

The process for upload using Arduino and a serial adaptor for program upload described here assumes you have the Arduino IDE installed and have the STM32 family of boards installed in the Arduino IDE. The procedure for installing the board information varies depending on the Arduino IDE version (I’m using Arduino 2 with the Visual Micro extension to Visual Studion 2022).

Wire up the blue pill in accordance with the above diagram, and connect a USB cable from the adaptor to your PC. Note the port number associated with this connection
Select the ‘serial’ upload method and the port number from above, as shown in the screenshot below
Move the blue pill BOOT0 jumper from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and press/release the RESET button. This places the MCU in ‘Program’ mode using the built-in uploader.
Compile/Upload the desired Arduino program. I strongly suggest you start with a simple ‘blink’ program. You should see the upload progress from 0 to 100%. If you don’t see upload progress, you have something wrong.
Move the BOOT0 jumper from ‘1’ back to ‘0’ and press/release RESET. Moving the jumper places the MCU back in ‘user’ mode and pressing/releasing RESET will start your user program running. Note that in my experience, the user program will start right away, even with the BOOT0 jumper in the ‘1’ position, but you must actually move the jumper or the next time you cycle power or press/release the RESET button the MCU will come back up in ‘Program’ mode and your user program will not run.

‘Serial’ upload method and ‘COM15’ selected for program upload

The output from a successful compile/upload cycle is shown below:

Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'
 
Program size: 11840 bytes (used 18% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.18 secs)
Minimum Memory Usage: 1432 bytes (7% of a 20480 byte maximum)
 
Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM15'
Resetting to bootloader via Serial
stm32flash 0.4
http://stm32flash.googlecode.com/
Using Parser : Raw BINARY
Interface serial_w32: 115200 8E1
Version      : 0x22
Option 1     : 0x00
Option 2     : 0x00
Device ID    : 0x0410 (Medium-density)
- RAM        : 20KiB  (512b reserved by bootloader)
- Flash      : 128KiB (sector size: 4x1024)
- Option RAM : 16b
- System RAM : 2KiB
Write to memory
Erasing memory
Wrote address 0x08000100 (2.16%) 
Wrote address 0x08000200 (4.32%) 
Wrote address 0x08000300 (6.49%) 
Wrote address 0x08000400 (8.65%) 
Wrote address 0x08000500 (10.81%) 
Wrote address 0x08000600 (12.97%) 
Wrote address 0x08000700 (15.14%) 
Wrote address 0x08000800 (17.30%) 
Wrote address 0x08000900 (19.46%) 
Wrote address 0x08000a00 (21.62%) 
Wrote address 0x08000b00 (23.78%) 
Wrote address 0x08000c00 (25.95%) 
Wrote address 0x08000d00 (28.11%) 
Wrote address 0x08000e00 (30.27%) 
Wrote address 0x08000f00 (32.43%) 
Wrote address 0x08001000 (34.59%) 
Wrote address 0x08001100 (36.76%) 
Wrote address 0x08001200 (38.92%) 
Wrote address 0x08001300 (41.08%) 
Wrote address 0x08001400 (43.24%) 
Wrote address 0x08001500 (45.41%) 
Wrote address 0x08001600 (47.57%) 
Wrote address 0x08001700 (49.73%) 
Wrote address 0x08001800 (51.89%) 
Wrote address 0x08001900 (54.05%) 
Wrote address 0x08001a00 (56.22%) 
Wrote address 0x08001b00 (58.38%) 
Wrote address 0x08001c00 (60.54%) 
Wrote address 0x08001d00 (62.70%) 
Wrote address 0x08001e00 (64.86%) 
Wrote address 0x08001f00 (67.03%) 
Wrote address 0x08002000 (69.19%) 
Wrote address 0x08002100 (71.35%) 
Wrote address 0x08002200 (73.51%) 
Wrote address 0x08002300 (75.68%) 
Wrote address 0x08002400 (77.84%) 
Wrote address 0x08002500 (80.00%) 
Wrote address 0x08002600 (82.16%) 
Wrote address 0x08002700 (84.32%) 
Wrote address 0x08002800 (86.49%) 
Wrote address 0x08002900 (88.65%) 
Wrote address 0x08002a00 (90.81%) 
Wrote address 0x08002b00 (92.97%) 
Wrote address 0x08002c00 (95.14%) 
Wrote address 0x08002d00 (97.30%) 
Wrote address 0x08002e00 (99.46%) 
Wrote address 0x08002e40 (100.00%) Done.
Starting execution at address 0x08000000... done.
	The upload process has finished.

Compiling 'BluePill' for 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)'

Program size: 11840 bytes (used 18% of a 65536 byte maximum) (0.18 secs)

Minimum Memory Usage: 1432 bytes (7% of a 20480 byte maximum)

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'Generic STM32F103C series(stm32duino_genericSTM32F103C)' using 'COM15'

Resetting to bootloader via Serial

stm32flash 0.4

http://stm32flash.googlecode.com/

Using Parser : Raw BINARY

Interface serial_w32: 115200 8E1

Version : 0x22

Option 1 : 0x00

Option 2 : 0x00

Device ID : 0x0410 (Medium-density)

- RAM : 20KiB (512b reserved by bootloader)

- Flash : 128KiB (sector size: 4x1024)

- Option RAM : 16b

- System RAM : 2KiB

Write to memory

Erasing memory

Wrote address 0x08000100 (2.16%)

Wrote address 0x08000200 (4.32%)

Wrote address 0x08000300 (6.49%)

Wrote address 0x08000400 (8.65%)

Wrote address 0x08000500 (10.81%)

Wrote address 0x08000600 (12.97%)

Wrote address 0x08000700 (15.14%)

Wrote address 0x08000800 (17.30%)

Wrote address 0x08000900 (19.46%)

Wrote address 0x08000a00 (21.62%)

Wrote address 0x08000b00 (23.78%)

Wrote address 0x08000c00 (25.95%)

Wrote address 0x08000d00 (28.11%)

Wrote address 0x08000e00 (30.27%)

Wrote address 0x08000f00 (32.43%)

Wrote address 0x08001000 (34.59%)

Wrote address 0x08001100 (36.76%)

Wrote address 0x08001200 (38.92%)

Wrote address 0x08001300 (41.08%)

Wrote address 0x08001400 (43.24%)

Wrote address 0x08001500 (45.41%)

Wrote address 0x08001600 (47.57%)

Wrote address 0x08001700 (49.73%)

Wrote address 0x08001800 (51.89%)

Wrote address 0x08001900 (54.05%)

Wrote address 0x08001a00 (56.22%)

Wrote address 0x08001b00 (58.38%)

Wrote address 0x08001c00 (60.54%)

Wrote address 0x08001d00 (62.70%)

Wrote address 0x08001e00 (64.86%)

Wrote address 0x08001f00 (67.03%)

Wrote address 0x08002000 (69.19%)

Wrote address 0x08002100 (71.35%)

Wrote address 0x08002200 (73.51%)

Wrote address 0x08002300 (75.68%)

Wrote address 0x08002400 (77.84%)

Wrote address 0x08002500 (80.00%)

Wrote address 0x08002600 (82.16%)

Wrote address 0x08002700 (84.32%)

Wrote address 0x08002800 (86.49%)

Wrote address 0x08002900 (88.65%)

Wrote address 0x08002a00 (90.81%)

Wrote address 0x08002b00 (92.97%)

Wrote address 0x08002c00 (95.14%)

Wrote address 0x08002d00 (97.30%)

Wrote address 0x08002e00 (99.46%)

Wrote address 0x08002e40 (100.00%) Done.

Starting execution at address 0x08000000... done.

The upload process has finished.

13 November 2024 Update:

OK, now I have learned how to upload Arduino programs to my ‘blue pill’ STMF103C -based boards. I can program it using an ST-LINK adaptor, and I can program it using a FTDI serial adaptor. Both of these options rely on STMicro’s internal bootloader to transfer a program binary to flash memory.

After successfully programming both my ‘blue pill’ devices, I decided to try my luck with my 3D printer motherboard. This board has both serial (UART) and SWD (ST-LINK) connectors, and I chose the SWD connector option. My first try at this failed, at which point I used vMicro’s Visual Micro Explorer to check for a STM32F40xx board selection, found the ‘STM32F4xx’ selection, and installed it.

This then shows up as ‘STM32 Discovery F407’ in the board selection entry field.

With this configuration, I was able to program a variation on my blue pill ‘blink’ program to direct a square wave to the buzzer on the motherboard. Amazingly, this worked like a champ, proving that my motherboard has not been bricked at all – Yay!!

Here’s the compiler/uploader output:

Program BluePill size: 20532 bytes (used 2% of a 1048576 byte maximum) (1.82 secs)
Minimum Memory Usage: 5504 bytes (4% of a 131072 byte maximum)
 
# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'
# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'STM32 Discovery F407(stm32duino_discovery_f407)' using 'COM15'
Uploader started for board STM32 Discovery F407(stm32duino_discovery_f407)
Upload method will be: bootloader
Uploading via Bootloader 
c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\stlink_upload.bat "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_discovery_f407\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"
STM32 ST-LINK CLI v3.3.0.0
	The upload process has finished.
STM32 ST-LINK Command Line Interface
ST-LINK SN: 29003F000E2D343632525544
ST-LINK Firmware version: V2J37S7 (Need Update)
Connected via SWD.
SWD Frequency = 4000K.
Target voltage = 3.2 V
Connection mode: Normal
Reset mode: Software reset
Device ID: 0x413 
Device flash Size: 1024 Kbytes
Device family: STM32F405xx/F407xx/F415xx/F417xx
Loading file...
Flash Programming:
  File : C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_discovery_f407\Release\BluePill.ino.bin
  Address : 0x08000000
Memory programming...
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± 0%
 0%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 100%
Memory programmed in 0s and 890ms.
Programming Complete.
MCU Reset.
Application started.

Program BluePill size: 20532 bytes (used 2% of a 1048576 byte maximum) (1.82 secs)

Minimum Memory Usage: 5504 bytes (4% of a 131072 byte maximum)

# Copy build result to 'Project>Property Pages>Intermediate Directory'

# Destination: "file:///C:/Users/Frank/Documents/Arduino/BluePill/BluePill/obj/ARM64/Release/"

Uploading 'BluePill' to 'STM32 Discovery F407(stm32duino_discovery_f407)' using 'COM15'

Uploader started for board STM32 Discovery F407(stm32duino_discovery_f407)

Upload method will be: bootloader

Uploading via Bootloader

STM32 ST-LINK CLI v3.3.0.0

The upload process has finished.

STM32 ST-LINK Command Line Interface

ST-LINK SN: 29003F000E2D343632525544

ST-LINK Firmware version: V2J37S7 (Need Update)

Connected via SWD.

SWD Frequency = 4000K.

Target voltage = 3.2 V

Connection mode: Normal

Reset mode: Software reset

Device ID: 0x413

Device flash Size: 1024 Kbytes

Device family: STM32F405xx/F407xx/F415xx/F417xx

Loading file...

Flash Programming:

File : C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_discovery_f407\Release\BluePill.ino.bin

Address : 0x08000000

Memory programming...

±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± 0%

0%ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ 100%

Memory programmed in 0s and 890ms.

Programming Complete.

MCU Reset.

Application started.

Looking through the above output, I realized that this line:

c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\stlink_upload.bat "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_discovery_f407\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"

1	c:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\stm32duino\tools\stm32tools\2022.9.26\win\stlink_upload.bat "C:\Users\Frank\AppData\Local\Temp\VMBuilds\BluePill\stm32duino_discovery_f407\Release/BluePill.ino.bin"

which points to ‘stlink_upload.bat’ shown below:

@echo off
rem: Note %~dp0 get path of this batch file
rem: Need to change drive if My Documents is on a drive other than C:
set driverLetter=%~dp0
set driverLetter=%driverLetter:~0,2%
%driverLetter%
cd %~dp0
rem: the two line below are needed to fix path issues with incorrect slashes before the bin file name
set str=%1
set str=%str:/=\%


rem: ------------- use STLINK CLI
stlink\ST-LINK_CLI.exe -c SWD -P %str% 0x8000000 -Rst -Run -NoPrompt

rem: Using the open source texane-stlink instead of the proprietary STM stlink exe
rem:texane-stlink\st-flash.exe write %str% 0x8000000

@echo off

rem: Note %~dp0 get path of this batch file

rem: Need to change drive if My Documents is on a drive other than C:

set driverLetter=%~dp0

set driverLetter=%driverLetter:~0,2%

%driverLetter%

cd %~dp0

rem: the two line below are needed to fix path issues with incorrect slashes before the bin file name

set str=%1

set str=%str:/=\%

rem: ------------- use STLINK CLI

stlink\ST-LINK_CLI.exe -c SWD -P %str% 0x8000000 -Rst -Run -NoPrompt

rem: Using the open source texane-stlink instead of the proprietary STM stlink exe

rem:texane-stlink\st-flash.exe write %str% 0x8000000

Is where ‘all the magic’ happens. After the user program is compiled into a binary (in this case ‘BluePill.ino.bin’) this file is passed to an open-source version of STM32’s ST-LINK program, which then writes the binary file to STM32 flash memory starting at location 0x8000000.

I think this means that I could just as easily use ST-LINK on my PC to upload BluePill.ino.bin to 0x8000000.

YESSSSS! Using STM’s ST-LINK on my laptop (for some reason I can’t get STM32CubeProgrammer to work) I uploaded BluePill.ino.bin to the FFCP2 board, and it worked!

Next, I tried uploading the original FFCP2 firmware onto the device, hoping that I would then have *two* working FFCP2 motherboards. Unfortunately, although the upload succeeded, and I was able to verify that the contents of the MCU’s flash memory were identical to the binary file I got from FlashForge Tech support, I saw no indication that the program was actually running (even though no actual printer hardware was connected, I had expected that at least the display and the buzzer would be active).

Alas, now I can no longer connect to the board using ST-LINK 🙁 I fear my journey is over, and not in a good way 🙁🙁🙁🙁

Starting Over with Windows 11

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posted 04 August 2024

I recently purchased a new Dell XPS15-9530 with Windows 11 installed, and I have spent the time since that purchase trying to get Windows 11 to work like I want it to, and Windows 11 has spent that same amount of time trying to get me to work like it wants me to – GRRR!

Here are some of the things I want to change from the basic Win 11 Home package I received.

Win 11 photo viewer sucks, and the photo viewer from Office 2010 rocks. In the old viewer, I can move from photo to photo with left and right arrows, and I can manipulate the photo multiple photos at the same time.
The right-click context menu in the file explorer view now has multiple pages of context menu items, most of which aren’t useful. The ‘preview’ option, which I use a lot, is buried at the bottom of the second page
Win 11 insists on storing my files in the ‘OneDrive’ (cloud) folder, and I hate that. Even if I ‘unlink’ my PC from ‘OneDrive’, it still tries to put stuff on the cloud – grr. See this link for information on how to adjust this
I now have multiple ‘Documents’ folders with multiple icons, and none of them point to my Documents folder.
Win 11 insists on using the first 5 characters of my email address as the name of the primary user folder (‘C:\users\[primary user name]’) and I want it use my first name for this. See this link for some information on this. Also, this link seems to imply that I might be able to ‘change my primary alias’ in my Microsoft account, (which might then change the default user account?). I was able to create a fake Outlook account (Frankabcede@outlook.com) and (although I didn’t do it this time) make it the primary alias. In theory, if I do this and then start over with Windows 11, I should wind up with ‘Frank’ as my default user account, and C:\users\Frank as my default user folder.
Win 11 insists on saving screenshots taken with Shift-Windows-S key combination to a screenshots folder in C:\Users\paynt\OneDrive\Pictures\Screenshots, even though I have unlinked my PC from OneDrive.
The private LAN connection between my old and new PC’s seems to come and go with the wind. At one point I got it working by setting it to ‘not use passwords’ or something like that.

So, for the nth time, I’m starting over, and this time I plan to document all the steps, so when I have to do this again (on the Nth+1 redo), I’ll have a little bit better roadmap. To prepare for the ‘redo’, I printed out the list of apps currently installed on the new PC, as shown in the screenshot below:

4 August 2024 list of apps on new Win 11 PC

When I look at the ‘Home’ file explorer display on my old PC, I see the following:

Which shows that Downloads, Pictures, Videos, Desktop, Music and ‘Documents’ have ‘Stored Locally’ shown – so apparently, I got that done correctly on my old PC. When I do the same thing on my new PC, I get the following:

Resetting to factory defaults while keeping personal files:

I followed the steps shown in this link to restore to factory defaults while keeping personal files intact. Unfortunately when it came back up again, it still had ‘C:\users\paynt’ as the default folder, along with another one labelled Frank.Frank_9350, wherever the heck that came from.

Trying again, but this time I chose the option to download the OS from the web rather than restoring from a local copy.

This didn’t work either, so I elected to reset from web download, including ditching all my files and accounts (everything is backed up on my NAS, so shouldn’t be an issue).

On this run-through, I opted to not restore from my previous PC, instead opting to ‘set up as a new PC’. We’ll see how this goes. Also, I used my new ‘Frank_Paynter@outlook.com’ as my email address for my Microsoft account. Hopefully that will result in ‘C:\users\Frank’ (first 5 characters of email address) as my default user folder

Decided to skip ‘Let’s customize your experience’ and ‘Use your phone from your PC’. Accepted ‘Always have access to your recent browsing data’, skipped PC Game Pass, and then it went into updates.

Success! (with a small ‘S’). The default user folder is named ‘Frank’ instead of ‘paynt’, and there is only one of them. Also, Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Music, and Videos are ‘Stored Locally’. Unfortunately, ‘Pictures’ are still stored on OneDrive.

So, I found this:

How do I Unsync a picture folder from OneDrive?

Open OneDrive settings (select the OneDrive cloud icon in your notification area, and then select the OneDrive Help and Settings icon then Settings.) Go to the Account tab. Select Choose folders. In the Choose Folders dialog box, uncheck any folders you don’t want to sync to your computer and select OK.

And UNchecked all the folders. The first time I tried this, I couldn’t UNcheck the pictures folder, and there was a message “we are unable to stop synching some folders” After I searched on this, I found another page that said:

May 11, 2021 — Can’t stop syncing folder · Right-click OneDrive blue cloud icon in the system try, click Settings. · Go to Backup tab and click Manage Backup.

So, I did that and told Windows to stop backing up any folders to OneDrive. Then I was able to UNcheck the pictures folder (and all the other ones too), so hopefully I am almost fully weaned from OneDrive at this point. Curiously, when I went back to the ‘Choose Folders’ page to verify that everything was still UNchecked, it took a while (a minute or two) for the page to come up. When it did, however, everything was still UNchecked – Yay!

And, another success! When I took a screengrab of the ‘Choose Folders’ page, the storage location turned out to be “C:\Users\Frank\Pictures\Screenshots” – Yay Yay! I also confirmed it’s not actually necessary to bring the screengrab up to center screen and select ‘Save’, as screengrabs are automatically saved to the above folder – Yay Yay Yay!

Next, I unlinked this PC from OneDrive, using the procedure below:

To unlink your OneDrive account from a PC, you can do the following:

Select the OneDrive cloud in your notification area to open the OneDrive pop-up
Select the OneDrive Help and Settings icon
Select Settings
Go to the Account tab
Select Unlink this PC

This actually worked, and now the OneDrive (cloud) icon has disappeared from the left side of File Explorer entirely – Yay Yay Yay Yay!

Windows 11 Pink Border on File Explorer

Apparently, Windows 11 has a weird sense of humor, as I have found that the border of the file explorer (and maybe others) dialog box is colored pink when it is selected, and gray when it isn’t. I hate the pink color, and naturally (because Windows 11) it can’t be changed! I found this page, where it says:

Windows 11 File Explorer uses Mica effect in the titlebar and toolbar and that’s why we can’t set any color in the titlebar using Personalization settings. In Windows 10, we could set any color in File Explorer’s titlebar by changing the accent color in Personalization settings. So, following the steps on this page, I downloaded ExplorerPatcher and tried to use it to get rid of the pink border around file explorer windows, but either windows 11 or ExplorerPatcher has changed, as this trick didn’t work -Rats!

Among other posts on the i-net, I found this one complaining about ‘pink everywhere’. The response by a ‘Microsoft expert’ contained a link to a ‘known problem in win 11’, bu the link is broken. Otherwise there was a long dissertation about display drivers (which I ignored because I haven’t changed the drivers on my laptop and they worked fine with the original win 11 install).

Finally, while just randomly changing things on the color settings dialog, I switched the ‘Transparency effects’ OFF, and voila! The pink border around file explorer windows was removed! Halleluiah! Here’s a screenshot of this particular dialog with the ‘Transparency effects’ switch highlighted:

File Sharing on Local Network:

Before I reset my new laptop, I had file sharing (somewhat) working between my new laptop, my old laptop, and my wife’s laptop, so I was hopeful that I could get it working again. In ‘Advanced Network settings’ I enabled ‘Network discovery’ and ‘File and printer sharing’ for private networks (and disabled them for public ones). I also disabled the ‘Password protected sharing’ option and enabled ‘Public folder sharing’. Here’s a screenshot of the setup:

Then I verified the above settings were the same for my old laptop (they were). In File Explorer I navigated to the C:\Users\Frank\Documents folder and in ‘Advanced Network Settings’ set it to share with full control by ‘Everyone’ as shown below:

Then I did the same thing with C:\Users\Public.

When I went back to my old laptop to verify sharing, I noticed that that the ‘Documents’ folder wasn’t shared, but the ‘Public’ folder was properly shared with full control for ‘Everyone’. That might explain why I was having problems with local network sharing before. In any case, I set up sharing for ‘Documents’ and ‘Public’ the same as the new laptop. Then I restarted both laptops.

When the laptops came back up, I double-clicked the network icon on both. On my old laptop I could see the NAS and Jo’s laptop, but not my new one. When I did the same on the new laptop, I couldn’t see any other devices, but there was a popup message at the top of the explorer window to the effect that network discovery had not been turned on, and to ‘click here’ to do so. I clicked, and after that I could see all the devices on my local network. I’m not sure why this happened, as I was sure I had already enabled network sharing, as shown in the ‘Advanced Network Settings – Advanced Sharing Settings’ screenshot above (maybe I didn’t click on OK?).

So, after rebooting both laptops, I can access folders on my new laptop from my old laptop, but not the other way around. I successfully copied a ~2MB folder from old to new Documents folders, but I can’t go the other way – strange. I worked through a ton of potential fixes for this, all without success. So, I’ve decided to bend to the inevitable and just go with the flow here.

Applications:

Windows Office – installed OK

Upgrade to Win 11 Pro – Per advice from CoPilot, navigated to Settings->System->Activation->Change Product Key -> Click on ‘Change’ -> enter generic Windows 11 Pro product key (VK7JG-NPHTM-C97JM-9MPGT-3V66T), and clicked OK. That was all there was to it. First time I’ve actually benefited from AI!

Activate Application Guard: Done

AJC Active Backup & AJCSync4: Done

Arduino & Teensyduino: According to this Teensy page, I Installed Arduino IDE 2.3.2, copied in the URL, and then installed teensy-specific software as described. Everything seemed to go well, with last line of log = ‘Platform teensy:avr@1.59.0 installed‘

Bridge Composer: Downloaded the 30-day trial, Installed and activated using emailed activation key

CopyTransControlCenter/CopyTransPhoto: For uploading videos from wife’s iphone – Done

DipTrace non-professional Standard License: Done

Movavi Video Editor 2024: Installed and activated using emailed activation key, but I don’t like the dark background – fix later

Notepad++: Done

P-touch Editor: Done

Prusa Slicer 2.8.0: Done

TeraTerm: Done

TrackIR5: Tried to install but was stopped by McAfee. Uninstalled McAfee – Done

Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition: Done

Wixel Configuration Utility: Done

Get Legacy Office Photo Viewer Back:

This site has the procedure for getting the old photo viewer back as a stand-alone app. Following the link to this site, I downloaded Microsoft SharePoint 2010 installer and launched it. Then I selected ‘Customize’. Then I set all options to ‘Not available’ except for ‘Microsoft Office Picture Manager’, which I set for ‘Run from My Computer’ (see screengrab below).

All options except ‘Microsoft Office Picture Manager’ set to ‘Not Available’

Then I clicked on ‘Install Now’ to install Picture Manager as a stand-alone app.

The next step is to restore the ‘Preview’ context menu option for photos. I found this site:

Procedure for restoring ‘Preview’ option to context menu for photos

However, I found that ‘Default Apps’ had been moved to Settings -> Apps -> Default apps. From there select ‘Photos’, and then set’ Microsoft Office 2010′ as the default app for each photo extension (.jpeg, .jpg, .png). This worked great – and as promised, the ‘Preview’ option appeared on the context menu (unfortunately it appeared on the ‘second page’ so you have to first select ‘Show more options’ to see it).

Restore Windows 10 context menu with ‘Preview’ item near top:

Now that I have the old Office Photo Manager back, the next trick is to move the ‘Preview’ context menu item to the ‘front’ page of the context menu. After some research, it appears that the easiest way to do this is to simply restore the Windows 10 context menu style. This involves adding a key to the registry. There are a number of ‘HowTo’ videos on this – pick one. After editing the registry, this is my new context menu for photos:

Windows 10 context menu, with ‘Preview’ 3rd from top

End Game:

At this point I think I have things pretty well recovered, without all the crap about multiple ‘Document’ folders and wrong-named user folders. I’ll let this play out for a while and make any other adjustments as necessary. Hopefully I can now settle into my new laptop without cringing every time it opens a File Explorer window

Stay Tuned,

Frank

Untangling gl_Left/Rightspeednum global/local variables

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Posted 30 May 2024

While looking through the code for another reason, I discovered that I have committed the mortal sins of using the same name for a global variable, a local variable and a function definition parameter. Originally I defined global variables gl_Leftspeednum & gl_Rightspeednum thusly:

uint16_t gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;
uint16_t gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;

1 2	uint16_t gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; uint16_t gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;

But then some years later in my code I see:

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg
gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive
leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg
gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

void MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

void MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
MoveReverse(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

  SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Leftspeednum);
  SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Rightspeednum);

void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
  RunBothMotors(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //reversed 01/11/22 - 01/14/22 - reversed it back again
        gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

        //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
        gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
        gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
        gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
        gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg

gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg

gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

void MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

void MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

MoveReverse(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Leftspeednum);

SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Rightspeednum);

void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

RunBothMotors(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

//reversed 01/11/22 - 01/14/22 - reversed it back again

gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;

gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

//gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

//limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)

gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;

gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;

gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;

gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;

They’re everywhere! yikes!

So, what to do? The original (bad) idea was to have these variables ‘global’ so any part of the code could ‘see’ the current motor speeds. This was BAD because that also meant that any part of the code could change the motor speed (even if it shouldn’t) , and figuring out who did that would be a nightmare. This is where I should have started thinking about building a ‘motor’ class to hide all this – but I didn’t, so….

Also, using a global symbol name in a function definition is at least moronic if not suicidally stupid – does that overwrite the original declaration? To add insult to injury, the function definitions above use ‘int’ as the type rather than ‘uint_16’, so does that mean that motor speed can be negative, but just inside that function – ouch, my head hurts!

Alright – since I didn’t do the right thing and encapsulate this stuff in a motor class, and I don’t want to have to rewrite the entire 7K+ line program (at least not yet), I need to figure out a short-term non-idiotic fix (or maybe just close my eyes and have another beer?)

OK, so the functions involved in this debacle are:

void SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(bool bIsFwd, int speed)
void SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(bool bIsFwd, int speed)
void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
RunBothMotorsBidirectional(int leftspeed, int rightspeed)
void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF)
void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

SetLeft/RightMotorDirAndSpeed(bool bIsFwd, int speed):

This declaration should probably be (bool, uint16_t) as negative speed values aren’t allowed. I changed the speed declaration from ‘int’ to ‘uint16_t’ and the program still compiles OK. The ‘speed’ argument gets passed to ‘AnalogWrite’ which is declared as AnalogWrite(int pin, int value).

RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum):

RunBothMotors() is called just once in the code, by RunBothMotorsMsec(). RunBothMotorsMsec() in turn is called just four times – three times by HandleExcessSteervalCase() and once by RunToDaylight(). In all four cases the speed arguments are positive constant integers <= 1000 (Teensy analog output resolution is set at 12 bits –>4096). It looks like RunBothMotors() and RunBothMotorsMsec() should declare their speed arguments to be uint16_t

RunBothMotorsBidirectional(int leftspeed, int rightspeed)

RunBothMotorsBidirectional(int leftspeed, int rightspeed) just calls SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed() however, the speed arguments can be positive or negative, so the ‘int’ declaration is required in this case. The sign of the speed input argument is converted to the appropriate direction flag value and a negative input speed is converted to a positive value for the SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed() call.

RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

All this function does is call RunBothMotors(), then delay for the requested amount of time, then stop the motors. Note that RunBothMotors() does not check the speed arguments for range or sign.

MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum):

MoveReverse() is used extensively in ‘CheckForUserInput()’, but only twice elsewhere ( both times in IRHomeToChgStn()).

MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum):

Similar to MoveReverse(), but used more outside ‘CheckForUserInput()’. Once in ExecuteRearObstacleRecovery(), once in TrackLeftWallOffset(), once in TrackRightWallOffset(), once in IRHomeToChgStnNoPings(), once in IRHomeToChgStnNoPingsPID(), twice in IRHomeToChgStn().

int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum:

These symbols are everywhere in the code, in a global variable declaration, in the signature of many of the motor functions, and in the code itself as local variables in the functions that have those symbols in the signature.

As an experiment I commented the global uint16_t definitions out and re-compiled. I got a bunch of ‘was not declared in this scope’ errors, but they were all like the following snippit:

        //04/05/22 have to use local var here, as result could be negative
        int16_t leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;
        int16_t rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

        //04/05/22 Left/rightSpdnum can be negative here - watch out!
        rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg
        gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive
        leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg
        gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

        MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

//04/05/22 have to use local var here, as result could be negative

int16_t leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;

int16_t rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

//04/05/22 Left/rightSpdnum can be negative here - watch out!

rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg

gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg

gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

in the above code a local int16_t variable is declared because the result could be negative. Then the local variables are constrained into the range (0-255) and then loaded into the gl_Left/Rightspeednum global vars, and also passed to MoveAhead(). This only occurs in the two TrackLeft/RightWallOffset() functions.

gl_Left/Rightspeednum global vars are also used in the ‘OutputTelemetryLine()’ function

So it looks like the usage in the above snippet is actually OK. The global vars wind up being loaded with the latest left/right speed values just before those values are sent to the motor driver. The usage in the telemetry output functions are also OK, as they just print the current left/right speed value

gl_Left/Rightspeednum used in function declarations:

I re-educated myself on the fact that formal function declarations don’t actually need parameter names – just the type declarations, so:

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

1	void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

could just as easily be written:

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool, int = 500, int = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

1	void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool, int = 500, int = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

so maybe my use of the gl_Left/Rightspeednum names for these parameters wasn’t quite so scary bad as I thought. Still, defining the same symbol name in two different contexts as two different types (uint16_t and int) is demonstrably a bad idea, even if one of the symbol usages is ignored by the compiler (after all, this usage is what resulted in my current freakout). I changed these to ‘uint16_t leftspeednum’ and ‘uint16_t rightspeednum, in both the formal declaration at the top of the program (reqd for default parameter declaration) and the ‘inline’ declaration.

I wound up changing the following lines:

//void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);
void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, uint16_t leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, uint16_t rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

//void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

  //RunBothMotors(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
  RunBothMotors(bisFwd, leftspeednum, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum
//void MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void MoveReverse(uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum
  //SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, gl_Leftspeednum);
  //SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, gl_Rightspeednum);
  SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, leftspeednum);
  SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum
//void MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void MoveAhead(uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum to leftspeednum, rightspeednum
  //SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Leftspeednum);
  //SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Rightspeednum);
  SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, leftspeednum);
  SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum
//void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)
void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum to leftspeednum, rightspeednum
  //SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum);
  //SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, gl_Rightspeednum);
  SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, leftspeednum);
  SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, rightspeednum);

//void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, int gl_Leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, int gl_Rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec = 500, uint16_t leftspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF, uint16_t rightspeednum = MOTOR_SPEED_HALF);

//void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

void RunBothMotorsMsec(bool bisFwd, int timeMsec, uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//RunBothMotors(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

RunBothMotors(bisFwd, leftspeednum, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum

//void MoveReverse(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

void MoveReverse(uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum

//SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, gl_Leftspeednum);

//SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, gl_Rightspeednum);

SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, leftspeednum);

SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(REV_DIR, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum

//void MoveAhead(int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

void MoveAhead(uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum to leftspeednum, rightspeednum

//SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Leftspeednum);

//SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, gl_Rightspeednum);

SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(true, leftspeednum);

SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(true, rightspeednum);

//01/06/24 chg int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum to uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum

//void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, int gl_Leftspeednum, int gl_Rightspeednum)

void RunBothMotors(bool bisFwd, uint16_t leftspeednum, uint16_t rightspeednum)

//01/06/24 chg gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum to leftspeednum, rightspeednum

//SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, gl_Leftspeednum);

//SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, gl_Rightspeednum);

SetLeftMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, leftspeednum);

SetRightMotorDirAndSpeed(bisFwd, rightspeednum);

In addition, there are a number of places where the output from the PIDCalcs() function is added to or subtracted from the current speed to produce the next speed value, but the initial adjustment is to a ‘uint16_t’ variable. This is problematic because the initial adjustment can result in a negative value being loaded into a uint16_t variable, with unexpected (if still well-defined) behavior. The fix for this is to change the type of the ‘local’ variable to ‘int’ vs ‘uint16_t’ to accommodate the potential for negative values, and only load the result into the global ‘uint16_t’ variable when it is certain the result is positive. This resulted in the following changes:

TrackLeftWallOffset: 
       //01/06/24 chg type from uint16_t to int to prevent unexpected behavior if result is negative
        int leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;
        int rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

        //04/05/22 Left/rightSpdnum can be negative here - watch out!
        rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg
        gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive
        leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg
        gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

TrackRightWallOffset:
        //06/01/24 chg type to 'int' vs 'uint16_t' to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //int16_t leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;
        //int16_t rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;
        int leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;
        int rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;

IRHomeToChgStnNoPings():
        //06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;
        int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

        //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
        //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
        //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;
        gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;
        gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;
        gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;
        gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

        //DEBUG!!
        gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",
          millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,
          gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
        UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

        MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

IRHomeToChgStnNoPingsPID():
        //06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;
          int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
          int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

          //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

          //DEBUG!!
          gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",
            millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,
            gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
          UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

          MoveReverse(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

IRHomeToChgStn():
        //06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;
          int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
          int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

          //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

          //DEBUG!!
          gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",
            millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,
            gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
          UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

          MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;
          int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
          int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

          //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

          //DEBUG!!
          gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",
            millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,
            gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
          UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

          MoveReverse(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

        //06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values
        //gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
        //gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;
          int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;
          int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

          //gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;
          //gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;
          gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;
          gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

          //DEBUG!!
          gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",
            millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,
            gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

          //UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);
          UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

          MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

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TrackLeftWallOffset:

//01/06/24 chg type from uint16_t to int to prevent unexpected behavior if result is negative

int leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;

int rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

//04/05/22 Left/rightSpdnum can be negative here - watch out!

rightSpdnum = (rightSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? rightSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF; //result can still be neg

gl_Rightspeednum = (rightSpdnum > 0) ? rightSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

leftSpdnum = (leftSpdnum <= MOTOR_SPEED_HALF) ? leftSpdnum : MOTOR_SPEED_HALF;//result can still be neg

gl_Leftspeednum = (leftSpdnum > 0) ? leftSpdnum : 0; //result here must be positive

TrackRightWallOffset:

//06/01/24 chg type to 'int' vs 'uint16_t' to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values

//int16_t leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

//int16_t rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;

int leftSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR - WallTrackOutput;

int rightSpdnum = MOTOR_SPEED_QTR + WallTrackOutput;

IRHomeToChgStnNoPings():

//06/01/24 chg to local 'int' var to prevent unexpected behavior with negative values

//gl_Leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;

//gl_Rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

int leftspeednum = initleftspeed + IRHomingOutput;

int rightspeednum = initrightspeed - IRHomingOutput;

//gl_pSerPort->printf("gl_Left/Rightspeednum = %d / %d\n", gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

//limit wheel speeds to valid range (0-255)

//gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Leftspeednum;

//gl_Leftspeednum = (gl_Leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Leftspeednum;

//gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : gl_Rightspeednum;

//gl_Rightspeednum = (gl_Rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : gl_Rightspeednum;

gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : leftspeednum;

gl_Leftspeednum = (leftspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : leftspeednum;

gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum > MOTOR_SPEED_FULL) ? MOTOR_SPEED_FULL : rightspeednum;

gl_Rightspeednum = (rightspeednum < MOTOR_SPEED_OFF) ? MOTOR_SPEED_OFF : rightspeednum;

//DEBUG!!

gl_pSerPort->printf("%lu\t%2.2f\t%lu\t%lu\t%2.2f\t%2.2f\t\t%d\t%d\n",

millis(), GetBattVoltage(), IRFinalValue1, IRFinalValue2, IRHomingl_RSteeringVal, IRHomingOutput,

gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

//UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

UpdateRearLEDPanelForHoming(IRHomingl_RSteeringVal);

MoveAhead(gl_Leftspeednum, gl_Rightspeednum);

IRHomeToChgStnNoPingsPID():